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Reshaping Cities: Readying Cities in the Western Balkans for a Changing Climate

Where are we now?

Cities in the Western Balkans (WB6) are characterized by:

• Majority of cities are small (average ~30,000 population)
• High proportion of population growth occurs in larger cities
• Shrinking cities coexist with expanding built-up areas
• Significant demographic challenges (outmigration, low youth population)
• Low population density and isolated housing units
• Nighttime lights correlate with economic activity, suggesting development potential

Key Findings

Climate change impacts in the region include:

• Increased frequency and intensity of extreme heat events
• More frequent extreme dry and wet weather events since 2000s
• Higher vulnerability to natural hazards compared to broader Europe
• Significant air pollution and GHG emissions, particularly PM2.5
• Major exposure to flood risks across cities
• Uneven service provision exacerbating social inequalities

Action Pathways

GREEN Pathways

• Revise zoning and land-use regulations to limit urban sprawl
• Promote mixed-use, high-density development along transit corridors
• Encourage adaptive reuse and energy-efficient building retrofits
• Integrate waste management for resilience against multiple hazards

RESILIENT Pathways

• Invest in nature-based solutions (NBS) to reduce climate risk
• Connect and expand access to green and blue areas
• Integrate NBS into water and flood management infrastructure
• Strengthen early warning systems and emergency preparedness

INCLUSIVE Pathways

• Ensure broad public consultation and community partnerships
• Invest in inclusive public service delivery and social protections
• Strengthen role of women in labor markets through flexible work arrangements
• Combine spatial approaches with social interventions

COMPETITIVE Pathways

• Coordinate closely with private sector for green economies and innovation
• Increase city finance scope through municipal bonds and green financing
• Develop bankable investment proposals for adaptation projects
• Implement carbon-pricing instruments to mobilize climate finance

Multilevel Governance

Successful climate action requires:

• Collaboration between national governments, local authorities, private sector, and communities
• Alignment of behaviors and incentives toward shared climate goals
• Coordination across governance levels (local, regional, national)