2016年-世界发展银行全球_Doing_Business_Regional_Profile_2017___Middle_East_and_North_Africa_236页_2mb

报告摘要

Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All – Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Summary

Core Content

The Doing Business 2017 report, published by the World Bank Group, evaluates the regulatory environment for small to medium-sized businesses across 190 economies. It focuses on 11 key areas of business regulation, including starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, and labor market regulation. The report introduces a gender dimension in several indicators, reflecting the different regulatory burdens faced by women entrepreneurs.

The report provides aggregate rankings and distance to frontier scores to measure the ease of doing business and how close an economy is to the best regulatory practices. The distance to frontier score is a metric that shows the absolute distance to the best performance on each indicator, while the ease of doing business ranking reflects relative performance compared to other economies.

Key Indicators and Findings in MENA

Starting a Business

Lowest regional performance: Kuwait (Rank 173), Djibouti (DTF Score 66.77)
Best regional performance: Oman (Rank 32), United Arab Emirates (DTF Score 92.85)
Regional average: Rank 116.85, DTF Score 80.35
Procedure count (men): 12.0 (Algeria) to 4.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Time (days, men): 61.0 (Kuwait) to 6.0 (Oman)
Cost (% of income per capita, men): 167.0 (Djibouti) to 1.1 (Iran, Islamic Rep.)
Procedure count (women): 15.0 (Saudi Arabia) to 4.0 (Morocco)
Time (days, women): 62.0 (Kuwait) to 7.0 (Oman)
Cost (% of income per capita, women): 167.0 (Djibouti) to 1.1 (Iran, Islamic Rep.)
Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita): 106.0 (Syrian Arab Republic) to 0.0 (Djibouti)

Dealing with Construction Permits

Lowest regional performance: West Bank and Gaza (Rank 157), Lebanon (Time 244 days)
Best regional performance: United Arab Emirates (Rank 4), Qatar (Building quality control index 13.0)
Regional average: Rank 83.75, DTF Score 64.62
Procedure count: 23.0 (Kuwait) to 9.0 (Bahrain)
Time (days): 244.0 (Lebanon) to 49.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Cost (% of warehouse value): 14.5 (West Bank and Gaza) to 0.3 (Iraq)
Building quality control index (0-15): 5.5 (Iraq) to 13.0 (Lebanon)

Getting Electricity

Lowest regional performance: Djibouti (Rank 172), Syria (Time 60 days)
Best regional performance: United Arab Emirates (Rank 4), Korea, Rep. (DTF Score 99.88)
Regional average: Rank 90.90, DTF Score 66.83
Procedure count: 8.0 (Kuwait) to 3.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Time (days): 180.0 (Algeria) to 28.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Cost (% of income per capita): 6,386.8 (Djibouti) to 10.8 (Bahrain)
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8): 0.0 (Syrian Arab Republic) to 8.0 (United Arab Emirates)

Registering Property

Lowest regional performance: Djibouti (Rank 168), Syria (Time 60 days)
Best regional performance: United Arab Emirates (Rank 11), Qatar (DTF Score 90.04)
Regional average: Rank 93.90, DTF Score 60.64
Procedure count: 10.0 (Algeria) to 2.0 (Bahrain)
Time (days): 60.0 (Egypt) to 1.5 (United Arab Emirates)
Cost (% of property value): 27.9 (Syrian Arab Republic) to 0.0 (Saudi Arabia)
Quality of land administration index (0-30): 3.0 (Djibouti) to 24.5 (Qatar)

Getting Credit

Lowest regional performance: Jordan (Rank 185), Libya (DTF Score 0.00)
Best regional performance: Egypt, Arab Rep. (DTF Score 50.00), United Arab Emirates (DTF Score 99.44)
Regional average: DTF Score 28.75
Strength of legal rights index (0-12): 0.0 (Yemen) to 3.0 (Tunisia)
Depth of credit information index (0-8): 0.0 (Yemen) to 8.0 (Bahrain)
Credit registry coverage (% of adults): 0.0 (Saudi Arabia) to 53.6 (Malta)
Credit bureau coverage (% of adults): 0.0 (Oman) to 53.8 (United Arab Emirates)

Protecting Minority Investors

Lowest regional performance: Libya (Rank 185), Djibouti (DTF Score 25.00)
Best regional performance: United Arab Emirates (Rank 9), New Zealand (DTF Score 83.33)
Regional average: DTF Score 45.17
Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10): 2.5 (Libya) to 7.5 (United Arab Emirates)
Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10): 2.0 (Qatar) to 7.7 (United Arab Emirates)
Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10): 2.0 (Libya) to 7.3 (Malta)

Paying Taxes

Lowest regional performance: Libya (Rank 164), Djibouti (DTF Score 54.77)
Best regional performance: Qatar (Rank 1), United Arab Emirates (DTF Score 99.44)
Regional average: DTF Score 77.29
Payments (number per year): 44.0 (Yemen) to 3.0 (Saudi Arabia)
Time (hours per year): 889.0 (Libya) to 12.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Total tax rate (% of profit): 65.5 (Algeria) to 15.3 (West Bank and Gaza)
Postfiling index (0-100): 65.7 (Regional average), 98.5 (Estonia)

Trading Across Borders

Lowest regional performance: Iraq (Rank 179), Djibouti (DTF Score 23.51)
Best regional performance: Malta (Rank 40), 10 Economies (DTF Score 100.00)
Regional average: DTF Score 55.98
Time to export: Border compliance (hours): 118 (Algeria) to 19 (Morocco)
Cost to export: Border compliance (USD): 1,113 (Syrian Arab Republic) to 47 (Bahrain)
Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours): 504 (Iraq) to 2 (Jordan)
Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD): 1,800 (Iraq) to 16 (Jordan)
Time to import: Border compliance (hours): 327 (Algeria) to 2 (Malta)
Cost to import: Border compliance (USD): 1,209 (Djibouti) to 0 (West Bank and Gaza)
Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours): 270 (Iran) to 1 (Malta)
Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD): 1,000 (Egypt) to 0 (Malta)

Enforcing Contracts

Lowest regional performance: Djibouti (Rank 184), Syria (DTF Score 28.39)
Best regional performance: United Arab Emirates (Rank 25), Korea, Rep. (DTF Score 84.15)
Regional average: DTF Score 53.46
Time (days): 1,225.0 (Djibouti) to 495.0 (United Arab Emirates)
Cost (% of claim): 35.9 (Malta) to 13.5 (Oman)
Quality of judicial processes index (0-18): 2.0 (Iraq) to 12.0 (United Arab Emirates)

Resolving Insolvency

Lowest regional performance: Syrian Arab Republic (Rank 161), Iran (Time 4.5 years)
Best regional performance: Tunisia (Rank 58), Finland (DTF Score 93.89)
Regional average: DTF Score 30.48
Recovery rate (cents on the dollar): 12.7 (Syrian Arab Republic) to 52.0 (Tunisia)
Time (years): 4.5 (Iran) to 1.3 (Tunisia)
Cost (% of estate): 22.0 (Egypt) to 3.5 (Oman)
Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16): 4.0 (Lebanon) to 9.0 (Djibouti)

Methodology and Notes

The report includes postfiling processes in the paying taxes indicator, such as tax refunds, audits, and appeals.
Gender-specific procedures are now included in several indicators, such as starting a business, registering property, and enforcing contracts.
Somalia is included for the first time, bringing the total number of economies to 190.
The distance to frontier score is based on the best performance of economies, with 0 representing the worst and 100 the best.
The ease of doing business ranking is based on the average of the DTF scores for each economy.
The report does not include labor market regulation in the aggregate ranking, but presents the data in the economy profile.

Conclusion

The Doing Business 2017 report highlights the regulatory challenges and opportunities for businesses in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. While some economies, such as the United Arab Emirates, perform well across multiple indicators, others like Djibouti lag significantly. The introduction of gender dimensions and expanded data collection improves the understanding of the business environment and supports more inclusive policy reforms. The report serves as a valuable tool for policymakers aiming to enhance the ease of doing business and promote equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs.

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