2010年-世界发展银行全球_China___Shandong_Culture_Heritage_Sector_Review_20页_820kb

报告摘要

Qufu and Zoucheng are two neighboring county-level cities in Jining Municipality, located in the South-West of Shandong Province.
Qufu has a population of 640,000, covers 896 km², and has a GDP per capita of Y31,767 (US$4,637), which is below the provincial average.
Zoucheng has a larger population (1.1 million) and a surface area of 1,613 km², with a GDP per capita of Y39,790 (US$5,809). It has a developed coal mining and power sector.
The combined tourist arrivals to both cities reached 9.7 million in 2008, generating RMB 4.2 billion in revenue.
In Qufu, tourism contributes 15.1% to GDP, while in Zoucheng it accounts for 3.63%.
Tourist distribution: 40% from within Shandong (mainly day trips), 40% from surrounding cities and provinces (tour groups), 16% from other Chinese cities, and 4% from foreign countries.
Average tourist stay in Qufu is 0.6 days, spending RMB 392 per visit; in Zoucheng, it is 0.3 days, spending RMB 200 per visit.
The local population derives limited economic benefits from tourism, with residents in the walled cities earning an average of RMB 4,200 per year, below the poverty line.

Confucius (551–479 BC) and Mencius, born 180 years after Confucius, are considered among the world's greatest ancient thinkers and shaped Chinese culture.
Confucius' teachings emphasized ethics and societal bonds and were the dominant ideology in feudal China for over two thousand years.
Mencius further developed Confucianism, promoting benevolent government, and helped establish it as the core of Chinese culture.
Their lives and activities were primarily based in Qufu and Zoucheng, which are key locations for Confucian heritage.
The Confucius Cemetery in Qufu, established during the Western Han Dynasty, has been expanded over centuries, reaching an area of 3.6 km² by the late 18th century, with a perimeter wall of over 7 km.

Cultural heritage assets in the walled cities are in poor condition due to insufficient maintenance and repair.
About two-thirds of the temples and mansions have not been significantly repaired since the Cultural Revolution (1960s) and the country's liberation (1940s), with a third not repaired since the Ming Dynasty (over 300 years ago).
Structural weakness, weathering, and inadequate restoration are widespread.
Only 20% of entrance fees are allocated to maintenance, and repair programs are under-funded and poorly managed.
Cultural heritage preservation requires active use, events, and learning activities to ensure economic viability.

The surrounding environment of cultural heritage sites is deteriorating, with poor sanitation, drainage, and waste management.
The moats are silted, have wastewater outfalls, and are littered with waste.
Lack of enforcement of development control regulations leads to unattractive urban landscapes.
Environmental degradation threatens the appeal and economic potential of the sites.

Urban planning must modernize while preserving the traditional character of historic cities.
New buildings should "sympathize" with historical structures, not imitate them.
Land use in historic cities is inefficient, with low land values and poor optimization of residential and tourism areas.
A comprehensive development plan is necessary to guide infrastructure and land use, ensuring sustainable tourism growth.

Poor presentation, interpretation, and signage reduce the educational value of the sites for tourists.
There is a lack of tourist facilities, such as shops, restaurants, and cultural events, which limits visitor experience.
Tourism fails to provide significant economic benefits to local communities, as many residents lack skills and rely on unskilled labor.
Skills training and community involvement are essential for long-term preservation and economic uplift.

Basic services like sanitation, waste collection, and electricity are inadequate in the historic areas.
Open storm drains and stagnant water contribute to poor living conditions.
Improved maintenance and environmental awareness are needed to enhance the quality of life for residents and the appeal of the heritage sites.

The Chinese government has enacted laws to protect cultural heritage, including the PRC Cultural Relics Protection Law and related regulations.
These laws, along with the Environment Protection Law and City Planning Law, provide a legal framework for heritage preservation.
National tourism strategies encourage infrastructure development and the comprehensive use of tourism resources.

Shandong Province has a Panel of Experts to guide cultural heritage preservation, which the report recommends using to review all projects in Qufu and Zoucheng.
This panel ensures that all heritage and urban development projects comply with national and provincial laws and guidelines.

Qufu's Cultural Relics Management Commission and Zoucheng's Municipal Cultural Relic and Tourism Bureau are responsible for the operation and management of cultural heritage assets.
These institutions are fully self-funded and rely on entrance fees and fiscal allocations for preservation.
Qufu has established a World Heritage Monitoring Office and is drafting new regulations for heritage protection and management.
Zoucheng merged its Tourism Bureau and Cultural Relic Bureau into a single entity in 2005 to streamline heritage and tourism management.

Domestic tourism accounts for 96% of visitors, with international tourism making up 4%.
Tourists from Shandong make up about 40% of visitors, mainly on day trips.
Tourists from surrounding cities and provinces (40%) often come in tour groups and have slightly longer stays.
Tourists from other parts of China (15%) and international tourists (4%) are growing due to improved infrastructure and promotion.
Most tourists (90%) visit only the Confucius Temple, Mansion, and Cemetery, leaving other sites underutilized.
Qufu needs to regenerate its old city to include more services like accommodation, shopping, and dining to become a true destination city.

Zoucheng is overshadowed by Qufu in terms of tourist numbers, as the Confucius sites in Qufu are more famous.
The majority of visitors are young and middle-aged, mainly students and teachers visiting the Mencius sites.
Tourists are often well-educated, but still prefer Confucius-related sites over Mencius ones.
Tour groups dominate the visitor base, indicating a need for more diversified and targeted services.

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