2010年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Turkey_Country_Profile_2008_15页_1mb

报告摘要

2008 Turkey Country Profile Summary

Core Content Overview

The Turkey Country Profile 2008 provides a comprehensive analysis of the business environment in Turkey through the Enterprise Surveys, which are conducted by the World Bank and its partners. These surveys cover small, medium, and large firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy and assess various factors such as infrastructure, trade, regulations, corruption, crime, finance, and innovation. The findings are benchmarked against the Eastern Europe & Central Asia region and Upper middle income countries to highlight Turkey's position in these areas.

Main Views and Key Information

Business Environment Obstacles

The business environment in Turkey is assessed through firm perceptions of obstacles.
The top 10 constraints are compared to the regional average, with corruption, regulatory processes, and infrastructure inefficiencies being major concerns.
The top 3 constraints vary by firm size, with small firms facing more challenges in business licensing, corruption, and infrastructure.

Average Firm

The average firm in Turkey has been operating for 16.3 years.
Female participation in management is 12.4%, and in ownership is 40.7%.
97.6% of firms are privately owned, with 1.9% being foreign-owned and 0.1% being government-owned.

Infrastructure

Electricity and transportation are the most frequently cited constraints, with 21.6% and 14.2% of firms identifying them as major issues.
Water shortages are reported by 5.1% of firms on average, with an average duration of 28.3 hours per month.
Delays in obtaining infrastructure services are significant, with 7.6 days for electricity, 4.4 days for water, and 3.8 days for telephone connections.

Trade

36.9% of firms in Turkey are exporters, with 52.2% using foreign material inputs.
Average time to clear imports through customs is 10.5 days, and for direct exports it is 5.4 days.
Losses due to theft during exports are N/A, but breakage or spoilage is a concern for some firms.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Regulatory and licensing processes are a major burden, with 27.1% of senior management time spent dealing with government regulations.
Average number of tax inspections per year is 1.3.
Legal forms of firms are mostly closed shareholding companies (73.1%), with sole proprietorships (12.3%) and limited partnerships (10.7%) also being common.

Corruption

The Graft Index in Turkey is 5.7, indicating a moderate level of corruption.
23.1% of firms are expected to give gifts to secure government contracts.
14.0% of firms are expected to give gifts to obtain a construction permit.
0.3% of firms are expected to give gifts for an import license.

Crime and Informality

58.6% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
Security costs account for 0.6% of sales, with theft and vandalism causing 0.4% of sales losses.
94.1% of firms are formally registered when starting operations, indicating a relatively low level of informality.

Finance

Internal finance accounts for 56.0% of investment, while bank finance is 38.5%.
4.0% of firms use equity or sale of stock for investment.
56.8% of firms have bank loans or lines of credit.
90.6% of firms have checking or savings accounts.
The value of collateral required for a loan is 89.9% of the loan amount.

Innovation and Workforce

30.0% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
54.9% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by external auditors.
74.9% of firms use their own website, and 88.7% use email for communication with clients/suppliers.
The average number of temporary workers is 1.7, and permanent full-time workers is 64.8.
24.9% of firms have full-time female workers.

Summary of Key Indicators

Indicator	Turkey	Small (1-19 employees)	Medium (20-99 employees)	Large (100+ employees)	Eastern Europe & Central Asia	Upper Middle Income
Corruption Indicators
Graft Index	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	10.1
% Firms Expected to Give Gifts in Meetings with Tax Inspectors	3.9	3.0	6.0	4.0	12.8
% Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Secure a Government Contract	23.1	24.7	19.1	21.3	25.3
% Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Construction Permit	14.0	27.5	6.0	8.9	23.7
% Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Import License	0.3	0.0	0.0	1.5	15.2
% Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Operating License	10.6	11.9	10.0	7.0	12.9
Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing
Days to Obtain Import License	21.2	21.8	32.0	8.0	16.0
Days to Obtain Construction-related Permit	41.9	59.7	34.1	29.1	79.6
Days to Obtain Operating License	36.0	33.1	46.1	33.6	26.5
Senior Management Time Spent on Government Regulation (%)	27.1	23.1	33.2	33.5	10.5
Average Number of Tax Official Meetings	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.0	1.7
Open Shareholding Company (%)	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.9	7.7
Closed Shareholding Company (%)	73.1	71.1	73.7	82.3	56.6
Sole Proprietorship (%)	12.3	18.1	4.0	2.9	22.6
Partnership (%)	2.6	2.7	2.6	1.7	3.3
Limited Partnership (%)	10.7	7.0	18.4	10.7	6.7
Other (%)	0.2	0.0	0.4	0.4	2.9
Infrastructure Indicators
% Firms Identifying Transportation as Major Constraint	14.2	13.7	14.2	17.1	18.9
% Firms Identifying Electricity as Major Constraint	21.6	20.5	22.1	26.2	34.9
Number of Water Shortages in a Typical Month	5.1	5.1	5.8	3.7	7.4
Average Duration of Water Shortage (hours)	28.3	22.6	47.0	13.8	11.0
Delay in Obtaining Electrical Connection (days)	7.6	5.3	9.8	11.7	48.8
Delay in Obtaining Water Connection (days)	4.4	3.5	4.7	6.4	32.0
Delay in Obtaining Mainline Telephone Connection (days)	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.9	17.5
Trade Indicators
% Exporter Firms	36.9	21.5	56.2	69.3	21.9
% Firms Using Foreign Material Inputs	52.2	40.6	58.3	73.6	62.1
Average Time to Clear Direct Exports (days)	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.2	4.4
Average Time to Clear Imports (days)	10.5	8.2	14.0	7.2	8.8
Losses During Direct Export Due to Theft (%)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.3
Losses During Direct Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage (%)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.5
Crime and Informality Indicators
% Firms Believing Court System is Fair	58.6	56.2	60.0	67.4	38.9
Security Costs (% of Sales)	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.7	1.5
Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, etc. (% of Sales)	0.4	0.6	0.1	0.1	0.5
% Firms Formally Registered	94.1	91.5	98.0	97.3	96.6
Finance Indicators
Internal Finance for Investment (%)	56.0	60.1	51.6	52.9	62.0
Bank Finance for Investment (%)	38.5	35.0	42.1	41.2	23.8
Trade Credit Financing for Investment (%)	1.6	1.2	1.9	2.1	5.0
Equity, Sale of Stock for Investment (%)	4.0	3.7	4.4	3.8	8.8
Other Financing for Investment (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
Working Capital External Financing (%)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	30.5
Value of Collateral (% of Loan Amount)	89.9	82.6	104.3	81.8	133.4
% Firms with Bank Loans/Line of Credit	56.8	50.5	67.9	61.9	43.6
% Firms with Checking or Savings Account	90.6	89.6	91.3	93.8	88.7
Innovation and Workforce Indicators
% Firms with International Quality Certification	30.0	20.5	40.1	55.2	19.8
% Firms with Annual Financial Statement Reviewed by External Auditor	54.9	49.2	60.4	70.8	37.7
% Firms Using Own Website	74.9	68.4	82.1	90.9	47.7
% Firms Using Email for Communication	88.7	85.3	92.7	96.3	72.8
Average Number of Temporary Workers	1.7	0.6	2.6	5.3	5.7
Average Number of Permanent Full-Time Workers	64.8	10.3	41.9	44.5	418.8
% Full-Time Female Workers	24.9	23.4	27.4	26.4	38.3

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys provide valuable insights into the business environment in Turkey, highlighting the challenges in corruption, regulatory processes, and infrastructure. These challenges affect firm productivity, investment, and growth. The data also reveals that most firms are privately owned, with a moderate level of informality and fairness in legal systems. The financial landscape in Turkey shows a reliance on internal finance, with bank financing playing a significant role in supporting investment and operations. The use of technology is relatively high, and female participation in the workforce is notable, though still lower than in some other countries in the region. Overall, the business environment in Turkey is moderate, with room for improvement in areas such as corruption, infrastructure, and regulatory efficiency.