2015年-WTO世界贸易组织_Services_and_Global_Value_Chains_mdash_Some_evidence_on_Servicification_ofManufacturing_and_Services_Networks__22页_549kb

Summary of "Services and Global Value Chains - Some Evidence on Servicification of Manufacturing and Services Networks"

Core Content

This working paper by Rainer Lanz and Andreas Maurer explores the role of services in global value chains (GVCs), focusing on the phenomenon of servicification of manufacturing and the structure of services networks. It highlights the increasing integration of services into production processes and trade flows, and the challenges in measuring this integration using traditional and value-added trade statistics.

Main Points

1. Role of Services in Global Trade

• Services account for over 70% of world GDP, but only ~20% of world trade in balance of payments (BOP) terms.
• When considering value added, services contribute ~40% to world trade, showing their significant role in global production.
• Services are not only traded directly (cross-border) but also indirectly through the embodiment in goods and via movement of labor and capital.

2. Services in Manufacturing

• The servicification of manufacturing refers to the increasing use of services in production processes.
• In developed countries, services value added accounts for ~30% of manufacturing exports.
• In developing countries, the share is ~26%, but with lower domestic services content.
• International sourcing of services (offshoring) contributes ~12% to manufacturing exports in both developed and developing countries.
• Developing countries are gaining export competitiveness in services offshoring, particularly in IT and business process outsourcing (BPO).

3. Services Networks and Fragmentation

• Services are increasingly produced in networked or fragmented arrangements, similar to goods.
• Trade in value added (TiVA) statistics help measure the embedded services content in goods.
• Services networks are less fragmented than goods value chains, but business services are becoming more tradable.
• The film industry is used as a case study to illustrate the role of services in production and how technological change and policy influence the value chain.

4. Measurement and Classification Challenges

• Traditional BOP statistics only capture direct services trade, while indirect services (embodied in goods) are not fully accounted for.
• The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines four modes of service supply:
  • Mode 1: Cross-border supply
  • Mode 2: Consumption abroad
  • Mode 3: Commercial presence
  • Mode 4: Presence of natural persons
• Mode 3 (commercial presence) is important as it reflects foreign affiliates in domestic economies, contributing to domestic GDP.
• Current TiVA statistics lack ownership dimension, making it difficult to capture the full extent of services embedded in goods.

5. Trade in Value Added Statistics

• The TiVA project combines input-output tables to measure value added trade across countries.
• Production stages and distance to final demand are used to assess the fragmentation of value chains:
  • Production stages measure backward linkages.
  • Distance to final demand measures forward linkages.
• Services have fewer backward linkages (avg. 1.7 stages) compared to manufacturing (avg. 2.35 stages).
• However, services have more forward linkages (avg. 1.96 stages) than backward ones, indicating a closer proximity to final demand.

6. Sectoral Differences in Services Fragmentation

• Business services and transportation and warehousing have the highest forward linkages.
• Education, health, and social assistance services have the lowest forward linkages, often being directly supplied to final consumers.
• Information and communication services show higher reliance on foreign affiliates compared to other services.

Key Findings

• Services are crucial for GVCs, contributing significantly to both domestic GDP and export value.
• Developing countries are increasingly involved in services offshoring, especially in IT and BPO, which has led to rising export competitiveness.
• TiVA statistics are essential for understanding the embedded services content in goods and the global role of services.
• Improvements in statistical frameworks (including ownership and mode of supply) are needed to better capture the international fragmentation of services.
• Services networks are less fragmented than goods value chains, but business services are becoming more tradable internationally.

Conclusion

The paper underscores the importance of services in modern GVCs and the need for improved measurement to fully capture their role. It also highlights the growing participation of developing countries in services offshoring, which is reshaping global trade patterns and enhancing their export competitiveness.