2023-11-01-兰德-美国如何在发展中国家与中国竞争_美国和中国发展援助和合作的净评估（英）_77页_2mb

The report "Development as a Tool of Economic Statecraft: A Net Assessment of U.S. and Chinese Approaches" examines how both countries leverage development assistance and cooperation as tools of economic statecraft in the developing world. China's rapid economic engagement, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has raised concerns among U.S. allies about its influence and impact on global development priorities.

The methodology involves a data-driven net assessment comparing U.S. and Chinese approaches across five key factors: funding volume and sources, funding mechanisms, sectoral targets, implementers, and conditionality. Data from sources like AidData and OECD's DAC are used, but limitations exist due to differences in reporting standards, especially for China.

Key findings reveal that China outspends the U.S. primarily through state-owned enterprises and banks, relying heavily on loans with concessional terms. U.S. assistance is more grant-based and focuses on health, education, and governance, while China prioritizes energy, infrastructure, and natural resources. China's approach often involves elite capture and reduced transparency, creating both challenges and opportunities for the U.S.

To enhance competitiveness, the report recommends six steps: defining the problem with a new lexicon and gathering better data; setting clear goals aligned with U.S. national interests; acknowledging costs and risks; expanding the network of private-sector and multilateral actors; promoting U.S. benefits through proactive messaging; and assessing the effectiveness of development efforts strategically.

These recommendations aim to position the U.S. for effective competition with China in the developing world, emphasizing sustainable development and alignment with global norms.