兰德-美国如何在发展中国家与中国竞争：美国和中国发展援助和合作的净评估（英）-2023.10-77页_2mb

Key Differences in Approaches:

• China: Focuses on large-scale infrastructure, energy, and resource extraction projects using loans from state-owned banks and enterprises. Relies on SOEs for implementation, often with concessional terms tied to Chinese goods and companies. Emphasizes elite capture or decision-maker influence but risks long-term sustainability due to opaque lending.
• U.S.: Prioritizes human and social development, health, and governance through grants and NGO support. Relies on multilateral organizations and U.S. private sector but is more transparent, reducing risks like debt burdens or corruption.

U.S. Strategy to Enhance Competitiveness:

• Define the problem using better data and a common lexicon.
• Set clear goals, avoiding imitation of China’s transactional approach.
• Accept risks when pursuing high-priority projects.
• Expand private sector and multilateral partnerships.
• Proactively promote U.S. benefits and collaborate in forums.
• Assess effectiveness strategically to align with foreign policy goals.