2005年-世界发展银行全球_Study_on_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Tobacco_Control_in_Myanmar_64页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Study on Poverty Alleviation and Tobacco Control in Myanmar"

Core Content

This study, conducted in 2004 and published as an HNP Discussion Paper in 2005, examines the relationship between tobacco use and poverty in Myanmar. It aims to assess how tobacco control measures can contribute to poverty alleviation by analyzing the economic burden of tobacco use, particularly among low-income groups, and the potential impact of price increases on consumption.

Main Objectives

To identify the extent to which tobacco control measures could help alleviate poverty.
To explore tobacco consumption among low-income groups.
To assess tobacco-related expenditures among households using tobacco.
To analyze the opportunity cost of tobacco expenditure, comparing it to spending on basic necessities.
To conduct in-depth interviews to understand perceptions, knowledge, and experiences of tobacco use.

Key Findings

Tobacco Consumption and Expenditure

Tobacco use is more prevalent among poor and less educated individuals in Myanmar.
Households using tobacco spend significantly more on tobacco than on health, education, and basic necessities.
Tobacco expenditure as a percentage of income is highest among the lowest income groups.
The mean yearly tobacco expenditure as a percentage of total household expenditure was 2.7% overall, 3.3% in urban areas, and 2.5% in rural areas.
If only households using tobacco were considered, the percentage would be nearly twice as high, indicating a heavy burden on the poor.

Types of Tobacco Products

Cheroots are the most common form of tobacco use in both urban and rural areas.
Hand-rolled cheroots and home-rolled tobacco are also widely consumed.
Smokeless tobacco is common, especially among low-income and low-education groups.
Cigarettes, cigars, and pipes are less commonly used, with cigarette smoking being reported by 3% of the population above 15 years of age.

Price Elasticity

The study found that tobacco demand is highly price sensitive.
A 10% increase in tobacco prices would lead to a 16% decrease in consumption.
Young people and low-income groups are the most price-sensitive populations.

Health and Economic Impact

Tobacco use contributes to malnutrition and ill health, particularly in poor communities.
Tobacco use diverts funds from essential needs such as food, education, and healthcare.
The economic burden of tobacco is significant, especially in the context of poverty alleviation.

Methodology

The study was conducted in peri-urban areas of Yangon and Mandalay and rural areas of four townships across different regions of Myanmar. The methodology included:

(a) Survey

A sample size of 400 was selected for each survey area.
Surveys were conducted in six townships, including Dawai (coastal region), Myitkyina (hilly region), Pathein (Delta region), and Pyi (central plain).
A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on income, expenditure, and tobacco use.
In-depth interviews were conducted with 5 individuals per area, totaling 30 interviews.

(b) Data Analysis

Data was analyzed using SPSS software.
The analysis compared tobacco expenditures with daily income, food and non-food expenses, and basic needs.
It also estimated tobacco expenditure as a proportion of total monthly expenditure.

(c) Econometric Estimation

Price elasticity of demand for different tobacco products was estimated using STATA software.
The results showed a clear negative relationship between tobacco prices and consumption.
The study emphasized that price increases are the most effective in reducing tobacco use and that tax increases can be a powerful tool for tobacco control.

Recommendations

Governments should increase tobacco taxes to raise prices and reduce consumption.
Comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and smoking in public places should be introduced.
Awareness campaigns should be conducted to inform the public about the health risks of tobacco use and the benefits of quitting.
Policy makers should be informed about the economic burden of tobacco on poor communities and the positive impact of tobacco control on public health and poverty alleviation.

Conclusion

The study highlights that tobacco use is a major contributor to poverty in Myanmar, particularly among low-income and low-education groups. It also underscores that price increases are an effective strategy for reducing tobacco consumption and alleviating poverty. The findings support the economic case for tobacco control and provide a basis for policy making in the context of poverty alleviation.

Key Information

Authors: Nyo Nyo Kyaing, Anne-Marie Perucic, Khalilur Rahman
Co-researchers: San Shway Wynn, Ko Ko Naing, Kyaw Zeya, Kyaw Khaing, Nyi Nyi Latt, Maung Maung Than Hteik
Date of Publication: September 2005
Funding and Support: World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
Key Terms: Myanmar, tobacco, poverty, cheroots, price elasticity
Location: Myanmar, including peri-urban and rural areas
Population: Estimated at 53.4 million in 2004, with 70% living in rural areas
Poverty Rate: 20.7% in urban, 28.4% in rural, 26.6% in the union
Tobacco Prevalence: 50% of the population is estimated to use tobacco, with 73% using cheroots, 17% hand-rolled cheroots, 7% cigarettes, 3% cigars, and 0.2% pipes

References

The study is based on a survey and interviews conducted in 2004.
Data was collected from six townships across different regions.
The findings are supported by prevalence data from various surveys and studies.