2017-2018年全球创业观察报告（英文）-GEM-157页-39mb

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2017/18 Global Report Summary

Core Content Overview

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2017/18 report provides a comprehensive analysis of entrepreneurial activity across 54 economies, measuring the rates of entrepreneurship and its impact on economic growth, innovation, and job creation. The report is published by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA), with key support from Babson College, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, and the Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation (KEF).

Main Insights and Key Findings

1. Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions

• The GEM Entrepreneurial Spirit Index (GESI) was introduced as a new indicator to assess the entrepreneurial environment across countries.
• The report highlights the importance of understanding the framework conditions that support entrepreneurship, such as entrepreneurial finance, government policies, cultural and social norms, and infrastructure.

2. Societal Values and Self-Perception

• 70% of the adult population in 52 economies believes entrepreneurs are well-regarded and enjoy high status.
• 61.9% of adults in all economic development groups believe entrepreneurs receive substantial media attention (up from 60% in 2016).
• Perceptions of entrepreneurship as a good career choice are highest in innovation-driven economies, with 76.2% of adults considering it a good career option.
• Africa has the least positive perceptions, with 58.5% in Europe and 60.7% in Latin America and the Caribbean believing entrepreneurship is a good career choice.

3. Motivations for Entrepreneurship

• 74% of respondents in GEM countries stated they had chosen to pursue an opportunity as the basis for their entrepreneurial motivations.
• In factor-driven economies, the lowest average opportunity motivation is 67.6%.
• Innovation-driven economies show the highest rates of entrepreneurial activity driven by opportunity, with a 5.2x higher rate compared to necessity-driven entrepreneurs.

4. Types of Entrepreneurial Activity

• The report identifies three types of entrepreneurial activity: Early-Stage Entrepreneurship (TEA), Established Business Ownership (EB), and Entrepreneurial Employee Activity (EEA).
• TEA is the focus of the report, with the highest rates in North America (29.5% of entrepreneurs expect to create 6+ jobs in 5 years), followed by Asia and Oceania (21.0%), Europe (18.5%), and Latin America and the Caribbean (18.0%).

5. Gender Parity in Entrepreneurship

• Men are more likely to be entrepreneurs than women across all regions.
• Gender distribution varies significantly by region:
  • Highest parity: Latin America and the Caribbean (17 women per 20 men)
  • Lowest parity: Europe (6 women per 10 men)
• Only in Ecuador (28.7%), Vietnam (21.7%), and Brazil (19.8%) do women report equal or higher entrepreneurship rates than men.

6. Age Distribution of Entrepreneurial Activity

• Entrepreneurs aged 25–34 and 35–44 are the most active across all development phases.
• In factor-driven economies, the 55–64 age group shows a slightly higher TEA rate (18.2%) compared to other age groups.
• North America has the highest TEA rate for the 25–34 age group (23.4%).

7. Business Discontinuance

• Business discontinuance rates are similar in factor-driven and efficiency-driven economies.
• The main reason for discontinuance is lack of profitability, cited consistently over several years.
• Innovation-driven economies show the lowest discontinuance rates (3.6%), while factor-driven economies show the highest (5.4%).

8. Innovation Levels

• Innovation intensity increases with economic development:
  • Factor-driven economies: 21.0%
  • Efficiency-driven economies: 23.1%
  • Innovation-driven economies: 31.2%
• North America has the highest innovation intensity (39.6%), while Latin America and the Caribbean has the lowest (22.9%).
• Lebanon ranks 4th overall in both TEA and innovation levels.

Main Recommendations

1. Policy development: Governments should focus on improving entrepreneurial framework conditions, including financial support, regulatory environments, and cultural attitudes.
2. Entrepreneurial education: Enhance school and post-school entrepreneurial education to foster future entrepreneurs.
3. Support for women entrepreneurs: Address gender disparities in entrepreneurial activity through targeted programs and awareness campaigns.
4. Digital tools and data analysis: Leverage digital technologies and Big Data to improve data collection and reporting for more accurate and actionable insights.
5. Regional collaboration: Strengthen regional and global partnerships to support the growth of entrepreneurship ecosystems.

Key Supporting Institutions

• Babson College: A founding institution and lead sponsor of GEM, known for its leadership in entrepreneurial education and research.
• Universidad del Desarrollo (Chile): A key player in entrepreneurship education in South America.
• Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia): Focused on developing entrepreneurial education and research in Asia.
• Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation (KEF): Promotes entrepreneurship among youth and supports the GEM project through research and global networking.

Conclusion

The GEM 2017/18 Global Report underscores the growing role of entrepreneurship worldwide, driven by opportunity, innovation, and economic development. It highlights the need for policy and educational reforms to support entrepreneurial growth and gender equality, while emphasizing the importance of digital tools in enhancing data collection and analysis. The report serves as a valuable resource for policy makers, researchers, and educators aiming to foster a dynamic and inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem.