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India's Regional Diplomacy Reaches Outer Space

Core Content

The launch of the South Asia Satellite (GSAT-9) in May 2017 marked a significant step in India's space diplomacy and its efforts to strengthen regional cooperation in South Asia. This satellite, developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), was intended as a gift to SAARC member states, offering space-enabled services such as communications, meteorology, disaster management, and public service delivery. It reflects India's broader strategy to enhance its soft power, demonstrate its technological prowess, and reinforce its great power aspirations through neighborhood-first diplomacy.

Main Points

1. India's Foreign Policy and Space Diplomacy

• The South Asia Satellite is part of India's "neighbourhood-first" foreign policy, aimed at fostering regional integration and cooperation without appearing hegemonic.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi first proposed the satellite in June 2014, during his swearing-in ceremony, as a symbol of goodwill and technological sharing with neighbors.
• The project is seen as a first-of-its-kind initiative where India uses its space capabilities for diplomatic objectives, showcasing its growing influence in the region.

2. Satellite Specifications and Cost

• The satellite is a geosynchronous satellite with 12 Ku-band transponders, suitable for civilian and commercial applications.
• The estimated cost of the satellite is Rs 235 crore (about $36 million), with ISRO responsible for its development, financing, and operation.
• Participating states are only required to cover the cost of ground systems, though they are encouraged to engage in consultations and feedback.

3. Regional Responses

• Sri Lanka was the first to officially join, though with some apprehension.
• Bangladesh initially skeptical, but eventually joined after consultations.
• Afghanistan expressed interest but had not formally committed by the time of the launch.
• Pakistan opted out of the project in March 2016, citing security concerns and distrust in India's intentions, particularly regarding data interception.
• Pakistan's space agency (SUPARCO) lacks the technical and financial capacity to compete with ISRO, which may have contributed to its decision to withdraw.

4. Implications for Regional Cooperation

• The satellite is expected to enhance connectivity and public service delivery in South Asian countries.
• It can support tele-education, telemedicine, disaster management, and meteorological applications, especially in resource-scarce and geographically vulnerable states like Bhutan and the Maldives.
• The project highlights India's shift from abstract ideals to tangible outcomes in foreign policy, emphasizing practical benefits over bureaucratic procedures.

5. Challenges and Concerns

• Historical tensions between India and its neighbors, particularly India-Pakistan, may hinder the satellite's effectiveness.
• Delays in the project, including the initial launch date being pushed back, risk undermining India's diplomatic credibility.
• The satellite's role in espionage is overstated, as it primarily operates on Ku-band, which is not suitable for military communications.
• India's approach to the project as a "gift" rather than a SAARC initiative has raised concerns about perceived dominance and lack of inclusivity.

Key Opportunities Ahead

• The satellite can serve as a model for future cooperation, especially in cross-border resource management and environmental monitoring.
• Joint projects in areas like natural disaster response, fishing advisories, and agricultural support could enhance regional integration.
• India's space technology can be replicated in other South Asian states, leveraging its developmental applications.
• Integration with India's regional navigation system (NAVIC) could further boost connectivity and cooperation.

Conclusion

The South Asia Satellite represents a strategic move by India to project its influence and promote regional cooperation through innovative diplomacy. While it has the potential to enhance connectivity and public service delivery, its success depends on overcoming political tensions, ensuring sustained engagement, and addressing concerns about India's dominance. As India continues to expand its soft power and technological reach, the satellite could play a pivotal role in shaping a more cooperative and peaceful South Asia.

Notes and References

• The project was initially named the SAARC Satellite but was later renamed the South Asia Satellite.
• India's refusal to involve SAARC or accept foreign assistance has underscored its autonomy and assertive diplomacy.
• The satellite's launch in May 2017 was delayed from the original December 2016 timeline.
• India's space program is seen as a developmental pioneer, offering replicable models for other South Asian states.
• The multiplier effect of space investments could stimulate economic growth and regional development.

Author and Institution

• Shounak Set is an assistant professor of political science at Sidho Kanho Birsha University, specializing in space and international relations.
• The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace provides policy research and analysis on global issues, including space diplomacy.