HEI-2018全球空气状况报告（英文）-2018-24页-7mb

报告摘要

Summary of STATE OF GLOBAL AIR/2018

Core Content

The State of Global Air 2018 report presents the latest analysis of global air pollution exposure and its health impacts, drawing from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 project by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). It highlights the significant health burden caused by both ambient air pollution and household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels.

Main Points

Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particles, with PM₂.₅ and ozone being the primary indicators used in the GBD project.
PM₂.₅ is identified as the largest environmental risk factor globally, responsible for 4.1 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory infections in 2016.
Ambient air pollution is ranked 6th as the highest risk factor for early death, while household air pollution is ranked 8th with 2.6 million attributable deaths in 2016.
WHO guidelines for PM₂.₅ are not met by 95% of the global population, with 85% exceeding the least stringent target.
Ozone contributes to 234,000 deaths from chronic lung disease and has seen an overall increase in global concentrations.
Household air pollution from solid fuels (e.g., coal, wood, dung) is particularly severe in low- and middle-income countries, with 2.45 billion people (33.7% of the global population) exposed in 2016.
In Africa, over 90% of the population in some countries is exposed to household air pollution, with Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania among the worst-affected.
India and China have the highest numbers of people exposed to household air pollution, with 560 million and 416 million respectively.

Key Findings

Ambient PM₂.₅ Exposure

Global population-weighted average PM₂.₅ concentrations increased by 18% from 2010 to 2016.
North Africa, West Africa, and the Middle East had the highest PM₂.₅ levels due to windblown mineral dust.
South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal) had the next highest concentrations due to combustion emissions from multiple sources.
China has seen a stabilization and slight decline in PM₂.₅ exposure since 2010, while India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh have experienced the steepest increases.

Ozone Exposure

Seasonal ozone concentrations are higher in the United States, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Mediterranean and Middle East regions.
Global ozone concentrations have increased due to higher emissions of ozone precursors and warmer temperatures.
China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Brazil have seen the most significant increases in ozone levels.

Household Air Pollution

Household air pollution from solid fuels is a major contributor to the global disease burden.
Indoor PM₂.₅ levels in homes using solid fuels can be 6 times higher than WHO's least stringent target.
Even with interventions, indoor PM₂.₅ levels remain 2.8 times higher than the WHO target.
2.45 billion people (33.7% of the global population) were exposed to household air pollution in 2016.
India and China have the largest number of people exposed, with 560 million and 416 million respectively.

Trends

Global reliance on solid fuels has decreased from 3 billion in 1990 to 2.4 billion in 2016, despite population growth.
Declines in solid fuel use have been most significant in Asia, Southern Africa, and South America.
Sub-Saharan Africa, especially East, Central, and West regions, has seen little change in exposure levels.
Nigeria, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania have experienced net increases in populations exposed to household air pollution.

Health Burden

The burden of disease from air pollution is measured in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).
PM₂.₅ is responsible for 4.1 million deaths and a large portion of DALYs globally.
Ozone contributes to 234,000 deaths from chronic lung disease.
Household air pollution is responsible for 2.6 million deaths and a significant number of DALYs.

Conclusion

The State of Global Air 2018 emphasizes the widespread and severe health impacts of air pollution, both ambient and household. While China has made progress in reducing PM₂.₅ exposure, South Asian countries and parts of Africa continue to face the highest levels of pollution and associated health risks. The report underscores the need for targeted interventions to reduce emissions and improve air quality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

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