2018全球空气状况报告（英文版）_22页_7mb

Summary of STATE OF GLOBAL AIR/2018

Core Content

The State of Global Air 2018 report provides a comprehensive analysis of global exposure to air pollution and its associated health impacts. It is part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), using data from 1990 to 2016. The report focuses on ambient air pollution (PM₂.₅ and ozone) and household air pollution from solid fuel use, and highlights the significant disease burden caused by these pollutants.

Main Points

1. Air Pollution as a Major Health Risk

• PM₂.₅ is the largest environmental risk factor globally, responsible for 4.1 million deaths in 2016 from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory infections.
• Ozone is another critical outdoor pollutant, contributing to 234,000 deaths from chronic lung disease.
• Household air pollution from burning solid fuels is the 8th leading global risk factor, with 2.45 billion people (33.7% of the global population) exposed in 2016.

2. Exposure Levels and Trends

• Global population-weighted PM₂.₅ concentrations increased by 18% from 2010 to 2016.
• PM₂.₅ levels exceeded WHO guidelines in 95% of the world's population, with 85% exceeding the least-stringent interim target.
• High concentrations were observed in North Africa, West Africa, and the Middle East, primarily due to windblown mineral dust.
• South Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and China) had the highest PM₂.₅ concentrations, with India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan experiencing the steepest increases since 2010.
• China has seen stabilization and slight declines in PM₂.₅ levels, while other regions like Russia, Indonesia, Japan, Brazil, and the United States showed declines since 1990.

3. Ozone Exposure

• Seasonal population-weighted ozone concentrations were relatively higher in the United States, West and Central sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, South Asia, and China.
• Ozone levels have increased globally due to increased emissions of ozone precursors and warmer temperatures, especially in mid-latitudes.
• China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Brazil have experienced the fastest increases in ozone levels.

4. Household Air Pollution

• Household air pollution from solid fuels is 6 times higher than the least-stringent WHO interim target in many homes.
• In 2016, 2.45 billion people were exposed to household air pollution, with Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania having over 96% of their populations exposed.
• India and China had the largest numbers of people exposed to household air pollution: 560 million and 416 million, respectively.

5. Regional Trends in Solid Fuel Use

• The proportion of the population using solid fuels has declined globally over the past 26 years.
• Middle- and high-income countries have made the most progress in reducing reliance on solid fuels.
• Rural areas in low- and middle-income regions have seen slowest progress.
• Despite population growth, the total number of people relying on solid fuels has decreased from 3 billion in 1990 to 2.45 billion in 2016.

6. Disease Burden from Air Pollution

• The burden of disease is measured using deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).
• PM₂.₅ and ozone contribute significantly to mortality and disability.
• DALYs account for age-specific health impacts, showing that while child deaths from lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are fewer, they result in a greater loss of healthy life expectancy.
• WHO guidelines and interim targets are used as benchmarks to assess the health risks of air pollution.

Key Information

• PM₂.₅ is the most consistent and robust predictor of mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
• Ozone exposure is measured in parts per billion (ppb) and is seasonally averaged, especially in mid-latitude regions.
• Household air pollution is estimated using fuel use surveys and demographic data, with population-weighted exposure as the main metric.
• The State of Global Air website offers interactive tools to explore air pollution levels and health impacts by country and region.
• GBD MAPS project has quantified the contribution of household solid fuel burning to ambient PM₂.₅ levels in China and India.
  • In China, household burning contributes to 19% of PM₂.₅ levels.
  • In India, it contributes to 24% of PM₂.₅ levels.

Conclusion

The State of Global Air 2018 highlights the widespread and severe health impacts of air pollution, both ambient and household, across the globe. It underscores the need for targeted interventions to reduce emissions and improve air quality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where exposure is highest. The report also emphasizes the importance of understanding major pollution sources to develop effective public health strategies.