2015年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Indonesia_Country_Profile_2015_12页_535kb

Indonesia 2015 Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Indonesia 2015 Enterprise Survey, conducted by the World Bank Group, evaluates the business environment and firm performance across various sectors and firm sizes. It includes data from 1,320 firms in the non-agricultural, formal, private economy, covering topics such as infrastructure, trade, finance, regulations, corruption, and crime. The survey provides insights into how these factors affect firm operations, growth, and competitiveness.

Main Topics Covered

• Firm Characteristics: Includes age, gender diversity, workforce composition, and size.
• Workforce: Information on employment, training, and management experience.
• Firm Performance: Metrics on employment and sales growth.
• Physical Infrastructure: Assessments of electricity and water reliability, and the time to obtain infrastructure services.
• International Trade: Measures of export and import activities, customs efficiency, and trade-related constraints.
• Access to Finance: Sources of financing, use of financial services, and investment patterns.
• Crime and Informality: Impact of crime on business operations and prevalence of informal firms.
• Regulations, Permits, and Taxes: Time spent on regulatory compliance, meetings with officials, and the number of days to obtain permits.
• Corruption: Frequency of bribe requests and informal payments across various transactions.
• Business Environment Obstacles: Identification of the most significant challenges firms face.

Key Findings

Firm Characteristics

• Average firm age: 19 years.
• Female participation:
  • 22.1% of firms have female ownership.
  • 22.1% of firms have a female top manager.
  • 38.8% of permanent full-time workers are female.
• Workforce size:
  • Average number of permanent full-time workers: 21.4.
  • Large firms have significantly more workers than small and medium ones.
• Training:
  • 7.7% of firms offer formal training.
  • 48.5% of workers in manufacturing receive formal training.

Workforce and Training

• Training intensity varies across firm sizes.
• Formal training is less common in small firms compared to large ones.
• Female participation in management and ownership is relatively low, but higher than regional averages.

Firm Performance

• Real annual sales growth: -8.2% (average for all firms).
• Employment growth: 0.5% (average for all firms).
• Performance varies by firm size, with large firms showing higher growth rates.

Physical Infrastructure

• Electricity outages: 0.5 per month on average.
• Losses due to electricity outages: 0.4% of annual sales.
• Days to obtain an electrical connection: 6.0 days.
• Water insufficiencies: 0.0 per month on average (but 0.1 for large firms).
• Impact: Infrastructure reliability affects production costs and competitiveness.

International Trade

• Export participation: 10.7% of firms export directly or indirectly.
• Import participation: 8.8% of firms use foreign inputs.
• Customs clearance time:
  • Direct exports: 8.3 days.
  • Imports: 13.7 days.
• Regional comparison: Indonesia's customs clearance times are higher than the East Asia & Pacific average.

Access to Finance

• Checking/savings account usage: 59.8% of firms.
• Bank loan usage: 27.4% of firms.
• Internal financing: 66.0% of investment is financed internally.
• Banks: 12.8% of investment is financed by banks.
• Supplier credit: 3.7% of investment is financed by supplier credit.
• Equity/stock sales: 1.3% of investment is financed through equity.

Crime and Informality

• Security costs: 0.8% of annual sales.
• Losses due to crime: 0.3% of annual sales.
• Informal competition: 65.0% of firms face competition from informal or unregistered firms.
• Formal registration: 60.8% of firms were formally registered when they started operations.

Regulations, Permits, and Taxes

• Regulatory compliance time: 0.9% of senior management time.
• Meetings with tax officials: 0.2 per year on average.
• Days to obtain permits:
  • Import license: 3.7 days.
  • Construction permit: 6.2 days.
  • Operating license: 6.0 days.
• Regulatory efficiency: Indonesia's regulatory environment is less efficient than regional averages.

Corruption

• Bribery incidence: 30.6% of firms experienced at least one bribe request.
• Gift-giving expectations:
  • Construction permits: 45.5% of firms expect to give gifts.
  • Government contracts: 33.0% of firms expect to give gifts.
  • Meetings with tax officials: 21.6% of firms expect to give gifts.
• Corruption levels: Higher than regional averages, especially in construction and government contract sectors.

Business Environment Obstacles

• Top obstacles:
  • Access to finance: 6.3% of firms consider it the biggest obstacle.
  • Business licenses and permits: 6.8% of firms.
  • Corruption: 2.5% of firms.
  • Crime, theft, and disorder: 4.3% of firms.
• Perceptions vary by firm size, with small firms facing more challenges in accessing finance and permits.

Key Figures and Comparisons

Conclusion

The Indonesia 2015 Enterprise Survey highlights several challenges facing the private sector, including access to finance, regulatory inefficiencies, and corruption. It also reveals the importance of infrastructure reliability and the role of informal firms in distorting market competition. The survey underscores the need for policy reforms to enhance the business environment, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and improve financial inclusion.