2010年-世界发展银行全球_Disability_and_International_Cooperation_and_Development___A_Review_of_Policies_and_Practices_65页_1mb

Summary of "Disability and International Cooperation and Development: A Review of Policies and Practices"

Core Content

This document is a review of disability-related policies and practices of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, focusing on how disability is integrated into international cooperation and development aid. It outlines five emerging trends in disability inclusion and provides an overview of international legal and policy frameworks, regional organizations, and bilateral agencies that support this integration.

Main Points

1. Purpose of the Review

• To examine policies and practices of development agencies aimed at including disability in development.
• To highlight the role of disability as both an actor and a beneficiary in development processes.
• To provide a comprehensive overview of disability and development (D&D) policies within and among UN agencies and major bilateral donors.
• To note that the issue is dynamic, with many agencies either developing new policies or revising existing ones.

2. Disability and Development

• Global Prevalence: 10% of the world's population has a disability, with the majority living in developing countries.
• Education Deficit: Disability is a stronger correlate of non-enrollment in school than gender or class.
• Poverty and Disability: There is a strong link between poverty and disability. Poverty can cause malnutrition, underinvestment in education, and unsafe working conditions for people with disabilities. Conversely, disability can increase the risk of poverty for families.
• Impact of Disability: Environmental and attitudinal barriers hinder the participation of persons with disabilities in social and economic life, leading to loss of human capital and increased fiscal costs.

3. International Law and Policy Framework

• Early Instruments: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1970s) and the Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons were the first international instruments to address disability rights.
• Shift in Perspective: These were later seen as outdated due to their medical and charity models. A social model of disability emerged, focusing on the interaction between impairments and environmental barriers.
• UN Standard Rules (1993): These rules served as a blueprint for policy-making and provided a basis for technical and economic cooperation. They emphasized the need for international cooperation and are considered an antecedent to Article 32 of the CRPD.
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD): Adopted in 2006, the CRPD is a human rights-based instrument that reflects a social model of disability. It includes a range of measures for international cooperation, such as capacity building, research, and technical assistance.

4. Key Provisions of the CRPD

• Article 32: Emphasizes the role of international cooperation in supporting national implementation of the CRPD.
• Inclusive Development: The CRPD recognizes disability as an evolving concept and stresses the need for inclusive policies and practices.
• Policy Integration: Each article must be interpreted in light of the general principles of the Convention, including education, health, accessibility, and employment.

5. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Disability

• The MDGs, adopted in 2000, do not explicitly mention disability but are relevant to the well-being of persons with disabilities.
• The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution in 2008 to ensure the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the achievement of the MDGs.
• The CRPD and the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons are used as tools to mainstream disability in MDG processes.
• Including disability in MDG policies can help implement specific provisions of the CRPD, such as Article 24 (Education) and Article 27 (Work).

Key Trends in Disability Inclusion

1. Disability as a Part of Development Aid: Disability is increasingly being recognized as an integral part of international development cooperation.
2. Link to MDGs: Many agencies link disability inclusion to the achievement of MDGs.
3. Multiple Approaches: Agencies use a combination of targeted and mainstreaming strategies to include disability in development programs.
4. Dynamic Nature: Policies and practices related to disability and development are continuously evolving.
5. Inclusive Programming: There is a growing emphasis on fully inclusive development programming that addresses disability concerns across all sectors.

Regional Organizations and Structures

• UN Regional Commissions: Play a role in promoting disability inclusion in development.
• Council of Europe: Has supported disability inclusion through various initiatives.
• European Union: Has integrated disability into its development policies and programs.

Bilateral Development Agencies

• AusAID (Australia): Has integrated disability into its development programs.
• ADC (Austria): Supports disability inclusion through its development cooperation.
• CIDA (Canada): Has policies that promote the inclusion of persons with disabilities.
• BMZ (Germany): Emphasizes the inclusion of disability in development strategies.
• Irish Aid: Incorporates disability into its development work.
• DGCS (Italy): Has a long-term commitment to mainstreaming disability in development.
• JICA (Japan): Supports disability inclusion through its development cooperation.
• NZAID (New Zealand): Includes disability in its development policies.
• NORAD (Norway): Has policies and practices that support disability inclusion.
• SIDA (Sweden): Has a strong focus on disability in its development strategy.
• DFID (UK): Incorporates disability into its development programs.
• USAID (USA): Has taken steps to include disability in its development assistance.

Conclusions

• The CRPD and other international instruments have significantly influenced the inclusion of disability in development policies and practices.
• There is a growing recognition of disability as a key component of inclusive development.
• While progress has been made, the inclusion of disability in development remains a dynamic and evolving process.
• Further efforts are needed to ensure that disability is not only addressed but also integrated into all aspects of development cooperation and strategies.

Key Recommendations

• The document includes recommendations for USAID missions and offices to enhance disability inclusion in their programs.
• It highlights the importance of monitoring and evaluation in disability-related development initiatives.
• The need for continued collaboration between international agencies, governments, and civil society organizations is emphasized.

Key Organizations and Acronyms

References

• Filmer, D. (2008)
• Hoogeveen, M. (2005)
• Peden, M. (2004)
• World Bank (2007)
• Oliver, M. (1996)
• Oliver, M. (1983)
• Lwanga-Ntale, M. (2003)