2010年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia___Groundwater_Assessment_of_the_Southern_Gobi_Region_100页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of Groundwater Assessment of the Southern Gobi Region

Core Content

This report provides a detailed assessment of groundwater resources in the Southern Gobi Region (SGR) of Mongolia, focusing on their occurrence, potential, and management challenges. It is part of the World Bank's support for the Gobi Regional Development Strategy (RDS) and the Integrated South Gobi Regional Development Plan (SGRDP), and is intended to inform sustainable development planning in the region.

Main Points

1. Water Resources and Management in Mongolia

General Features: Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated country with limited transport links and significant mineral wealth, including coal and copper deposits.
Water Resources: Mongolia's water resources include rivers, lakes, and glaciers. Total estimated surface water resources are around 599 km³, with 34.6 km³ from rivers.
Surface Water: Surface water is unevenly distributed, with Lake Khuvsugul holding 380 km³, which is 63% of total surface water and 75% of total fresh water.
Groundwater: Groundwater is a critical resource in the SGR, with most of it being fossil or non-renewable, meaning it is not replenished naturally. The only recharge comes from limited rainfall (115–150 mm/year), with an estimated recharge rate of just 1 mm/year.
Water Use: Water use in the SGR is dominated by the mining sector, particularly in four main mining areas: Tsagaan Suvraga (copper), Oyu Tolgoi (copper/gold), Shivee Ovoo (coal), and the coal mines near Dalanzadgad. Current water demand for mining is about 40,000 m³/day, expected to rise to 300,000 m³/day by 2020.
Water Institutions and Regulation: Water management is governed by national legislation, institutional frameworks, and policies. The report emphasizes the need for better institutional coordination and capacity building for effective groundwater management.

Key Information

2. Southern Gobi Region Overview

Physical Description: The SGR is a large, arid region with limited rainfall and water availability. It is home to the three aimags (provinces) of Dornogovi, Dundgovi, and Umnogovi, covering about 350,000 km².
Demography and Economic Development: The population is around 150,000 (2007 data), with livestock farming as the traditional economic activity. The region is expected to experience rapid economic growth due to planned coal and gold mining developments.
Water Use and Supply: Current water demand for domestic use (rural and urban) is about 10,000 m³/day, while livestock water use is 32,000 m³/day. The mining sector is the largest water user, with a significant portion allocated for processing, dust suppression, and power generation.

Groundwater Assessment

3. Groundwater Occurrence and Potential

Aquifers: Groundwater in the SGR is primarily found in fossil aquifers (non-renewable), with some shallow and deep aquifers. These aquifers are semi-confined, meaning the groundwater is under pressure.
Recharge: Recharge is minimal due to low rainfall. Most water circulates in upper streambed aquifers (0–20 m), with some percolating to shallow aquifers (20–50 m) and possibly deeper ones.
Groundwater Potential: Estimated groundwater potential ranges from 200 to 500 million m³/year, assuming a 25–40-year period and a lowering of the groundwater table by 50–100 meters. This is sufficient to meet water demands for the next 10–12 years.
Groundwater Quality: Main concerns include salinity and occasional presence of trace elements like arsenic and fluoride. Domestic water generally requires treatment, while industrial water has variable quality needs.

Groundwater Development and Management

4. Groundwater Development and Management

Groundwater Potential vs. Demands: Current and projected demands are significantly higher than the available groundwater resources, especially in the mining sector.
Institutional Challenges: There are challenges in governance, regulation, and capacity building. The report recommends the establishment of a Southern Gobi Groundwater Management and Information Center (SGR-GMIC) to coordinate groundwater assessment and management.

Long Distance Water Conveyance

5. Long Distance Water Conveyance

Projects: Two major surface water conveyance projects are planned: the Herlen-Gobi Pipeline and the Orhon-Gobi Pipeline.
Herlen-Gobi Pipeline: Conveys 1,500 l/sec from the Herlen River to Shivee Ovoo, Sainshand, and Zamin-Udd, with a side branch to Tsagaan Suvraga.
Orhon-Gobi Pipeline: Conveys 2,500 l/sec from the Orhon River to Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi, with side branches to Mandalgobi and Dalanzadgad.
Water Use Distribution: About 50% of the water is for mining and industry, 30% for agriculture, and the rest for domestic and livestock use.
Feasibility: The projects are still in the pre-feasibility stage and require further analysis to assess socio-economic, financial, and environmental viability.

Matching Demands with Resources

6. Matching Demands with Available Resources

Groundwater vs. Surface Water: Groundwater development is generally 50% cheaper than surface water conveyance, but may have higher operational costs.
Scenario Approach: Given the uncertainty in future water demands and supply options, the report recommends developing short- and medium-term scenarios to guide water supply planning and update them regularly with new data.
Water Use Efficiency: There is potential to improve water use efficiency and re-use, especially in agriculture and industry, to meet growing demands sustainably.

Institutional, Regulatory, and Capacity Building

7. Institutional, Regulatory, and Capacity Building

Need for SGR-GMIC: A dedicated center is proposed to manage groundwater resources, coordinate studies, and provide a unified approach to water resource planning.
Integration with National Level: The SGR-GMIC should be linked to the national water management framework and have a capacity-building component to support sustainable groundwater use.
Stakeholder Involvement: Collaboration with government agencies, experts, and stakeholders is essential for effective groundwater management and policy formulation.

Conclusion

Critical Resource: Groundwater is a critical but finite resource in the SGR, with most of it being fossil water that cannot be replenished.
Need for Data: More detailed data on groundwater distribution, quality, and recharge is required for accurate planning and management.
Sustainable Development: The report emphasizes the importance of integrating groundwater management with broader regional development strategies, ensuring environmental protection and community service while supporting economic and infrastructural growth.

Key Figures and Data

Population: 150,000 (2007 data).
Current Water Demand: 10,000 m³/day for domestic use, 32,000 m³/day for livestock.
Mining Water Demand: 40,000 m³/day currently, expected to reach 300,000 m³/day by 2020.
Groundwater Potential: 200–500 million m³/year, assuming 25–40 years and 50–100 m lowering of the water table.
Groundwater Quality: High salinity and occasional trace elements (arsenic, fluoride) are major concerns.

Recommendations

Develop short- and medium-term scenarios for water supply and demand.
Establish the SGR-GMIC to manage and monitor groundwater resources.
Conduct further feasibility studies on long-distance surface water conveyance.
Improve data collection and capacity building in groundwater assessment and management.
Promote water use efficiency and re-use to meet future demands sustainably.