世界银行-平衡行为：政治经济学与发展中国家雄心勃勃的碳定价追求（英）-2024-124页_5mb

1. Introduction

This report examines the political economy challenges and strategies for implementing carbon pricing in developing countries（DPVC）。Carbon pricing, though recognized as an effective tool for decarbonization, faces significant opposition due to concerns about economic competitiveness, fairness, and administrative capacity. The study draws on extensive literature, stakeholder interviews, and an expert survey to provide insights into overcoming these barriers and advancing carbon pricing policies in low-capacity jurisdictions.

Key Objectives:

• Understand motivations for pursuing carbon pricing
• Address opposition from polluters, communities, and governments
• Improve the political feasibility and effectiveness of carbon pricing through strategic design and implementation
• Ensure successful rollout, compliance, and long-term consolidation

Target Audience:

Policymakers and advisors in developing countries seeking practical approaches to advance carbon pricing.

2. Political Economy of Carbon Pricing

Carbon pricing enables governments to decarbonize economies while raising revenues for public investments. However, it requires balancing technical effectiveness with political feasibility.

Primary Motivations:

• Environmental/Health Benefits: Clean energy transition, reduced pollution
• Fiscal/Revenue Generation: Funds climate justice initiatives, social programs
• International Alignment: CBAM pressures, climate diplomacy
• Economic Opportunities: Green innovation, foreign investment attraction

Key Challenges:

• Distribution effects on vulnerable groups
• Business opposition from carbon-intensive sectors
• Limited technical/administrative capacity
• Political turnover and changing priorities

Case Examples:

• Uruguay: High-yield carbon tax but narrow sectoral coverage.
• Indonesia: Complex interactions between carbon pricing and fossil fuel subsidies.
• Vietnam: Phased-in ETS addressing capacity constraints.

3. Navigating Obstacles

Strategies for Stakeholder Mobilization:

• Building broad coalitions through inclusive stakeholder dialogues
• Using international pressure (e.g., CBAM) as catalysts
• Designing flexible policies with gradual trajectories

Policy Design Approaches:

• Instrument choice: Carbon taxes may be simpler; ETSs offer flexibility
• Revenue use: Targeted support for low-income households + green investments
• Barriers reduction: Exemptions, offset credits, differentiated pricing

Communication Protocols:

• Proactive engagement with regulated entities
• Transparent reporting on policy performance
• Media campaigns highlighting co-benefits

Consolidation Tactics:

• Automatic adjustment mechanisms to maintain stringency
• Balanced stakeholder feedback loops
• Complementary non-pricing policies enhancing carbon pricing

4. Implementation & Enforcement

Comprehensive rules and enforcement mechanisms are critical for policy effectiveness.

Key Implementation Pillars:

1. Regulatory Frameworks: Detailed MRV protocols tailored to national contexts
2. Communication Strategy: Clear obligation-sharing between government and businesses
3. Capacity Building: Phased rollout starting with simplified processes

Enforcement Approaches:

• Facilitative to punitive: Progression based on compliance history
• Institutional anchoring: Utilizing existing regulatory structures
• Penalty design: calibrated fines matching organizational capacity

Administrative Infrastructure:

• Leveraging existing data collection systems
• Integrating carbon pricing with broader fiscal reforms
• Building stakeholder trust through policy transparency

5. Consolidation & Long-Term Success

Sustaining carbon pricing requires continuous evaluation and adaptive management.

Consolidation Strategies:

• Maintaining momentum through periodic policy reviews
• Adapting responsive mechanisms based on stakeholder feedback
• Ensuring credibility through continued revenue use transparency

Ratcheting Ambition:

• Implementing automatic price increases via periodic adjustments
• Indexing prices to emissions targets or inflation
• Staged scope expansion to maintain manageable opposition

Institutional Safeguards:

• Delegating oversight to insulated technical bodies
• Establishing cross-ministerial coordination structures
• Institutionalizing lessons from policy pilots

6. Conclusion

Carbon pricing offers a powerful tool for decarbonization, especially when combined with complementary policies. The study shows that developing countries can advance carbon pricing through strategic political economy management, combining targeted stakeholder engagement with practical implementation approaches suited to their unique context and capacity constraints.