2024-09-23-世界银行-平衡行为_政治经济学与发展中国家雄心勃勃的碳定价追求（英）_124页_5mb

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Carbon pricing is a policy tool that can effectively drive decarbonization by assigning a cost to emissions, but its adoption faces significant political economy challenges, particularly in developing countries. These challenges include overcoming opposition from influential polluters, addressing fears of economic competitiveness, and managing limited governance capacity. However, supported by complementary policies, revenue recycling, and adaptive designs, carbon pricing is increasingly perceived as a feasible pathway for advancing climate action.

Key strategies for policy success involve early collaboration with stakeholders, beginning with simplified implementations like pilot programs to build trust and adjust designs based on feedback. Effective communication, appropriate instrument choice (e.g., carbon taxes for simplicity or ETS for flexibility), and addressing equity concerns through measures like offset credits and revenue use are vital for broad coalitions.

Case studies from countries like Uruguay, Indonesia, and Mexico reveal high variability in outcomes, with successes often tied to strong political champions, favorable timing (e.g., based on windows of opportunity), and sequencing with other policies. Ongoing implementation challenges include monitoring, verification, and enforcement, but simpler MRV structures and capacity-building measures can mitigate risks.

Increasingly, carbon pricing is gaining support due to factors like climate commitments (e.g., un
certificate, if needed, for generating carbon offset credit
Campaign to label products with carbon footprints Can help build support through communication
Utilization of carbon pricing revenues for climate
Malaysia commitment to increased ambition over time
Inspire and encourage the adoption of carbon neutral technologies
France exception costs and benefits differently than previously
The adoption and implementation of carbon pricing policy
Prices to high-emitting sectors or activities the trend appears to be accelerating across many developing countries.

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