2002-12-31-世界卫生组织-2003_STEPS_Country_report_Iraq_17页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey in Duhok District

Core Content

This report presents the findings of a non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors survey conducted in Duhok district between December 20th, 2003, and January 14th, 2004. The study aimed to establish a baseline profile of NCD risk factors in the population, using a randomized cross-sectional population-based household survey design. The survey focused on key risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders, smoking, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, and excess weight.

Main Findings

Demographics

The survey included 1,000 participants from 50 clusters.
86% of participants lived in urban areas, while 14% were from rural areas.
97% of females and 96.2% of males consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily, as per AHA recommendations.
50% of females had no formal education, compared to 26.8% of males.
79.2% of females were housewives, while 34.4% of males were self-employed.

Smoking

2.2% of females and 46.8% of males were current smokers.
36.3% of female smokers started during teenage years, with a mean age of 30 years.
88% of male smokers started during teenage years, with a mean age of 17 years.
Light, moderate, and heavy smoking was reported in 45.5%, 45.5%, and 9% of females and 18%, 58%, and 24% of males, respectively.
All female smokers used manufactured cigarettes, while 79% of male smokers used manufactured cigarettes only, 14.5% used hand-rolled cigarettes only, and 6.5% used both.

Alcohol Consumption

No females reported alcohol consumption.
5.4% of males consumed alcohol in their lifetime, with 4% in the last 12 months.
1.8% of males consumed alcohol 5 or more days per week, while 0.4% consumed it 1-4 days per week.
Alcohol consumption was more common among Christian males (50%) than among Muslim males (2.8%).

Physical Activity

44% of females and 23.2% of males had no physical activity for at least 3 times per week for 20 minutes.
77.4% of females and 0.8% of males were physically active in their occupation or recreation, leisure, and sport (RLS) time.
Moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, carrying light loads) were reported by 31.8% of females and 18.2% of males.
Vigorous activities (e.g., heavy lifting, digging, construction) were reported by 1.8% of females and 10.4% of males.

Anthropometric Measurements

BMI was used to classify excess weight, with most participants falling into overweight or obesity categories.
Android obesity was identified using WHR criteria: >0.85 for females and >1 for males.
57.8% of females and 10.6% of males had android obesity.
WC ≥ 88 cm in females and WC ≥ 102 cm in males were associated with increased disease risk.
95% of males and 328% of females had WC ≥ 88 cm and ≥ 102 cm, respectively.

Hypertension

53.6% of females and 36.4% of males had hypertension.
45% of the general population had hypertension.
28.4% of females and 18.2% of males had SBP > 160 mmHg and/or DBP > 95 mmHg.
76.5% of female and 83% of male hypertensives were above 45 years.
Controlled hypertension was more common in females (19%) than in males (12%).
Uncontrolled hypertension was more prevalent in males (32%) than in females (41%).

Diabetes Mellitus

15.2% of females and 11.8% of males had diabetes mellitus.
13.5% of the general population had diabetes.
49% of females and 36% of males who were referred for OGTT were diagnosed with diabetes.
DM coexisted with hypertension in 11.4% of females, 6% of males, and 8.7% of the general population.

Lipid Profile

6.6% of females and 5.6% of males had high total cholesterol (≥ 240 mg/dl).
High LDL (≥ 160 mg/dl) and low HDL (≤ 40 mg/dl) coexisted in 3% of females and 3.4% of males.

Key Recommendations

The high prevalence of NCD risk factors necessitates the establishment of a local healthy lifestyle program in Duhok governorate.
Periodic NCD risk factors surveys or the creation of a surveillance system is essential to monitor trends and evaluate interventions.
Baseline data is crucial for the development of evidence-based programs.
Improving health education, physical activity, and dietary habits should be prioritized in public health strategies.
Collaboration with local health authorities and community engagement is necessary to enhance data collection and intervention effectiveness.