2023-06-19-世界经济论坛-Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2023_382页_8mb

Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Summary

Core Content

The Global Gender Gap Report 2023 provides an annual assessment of gender parity across four key dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. It benchmarks progress in 146 countries and uses a consistent sample of 102 countries from 2006 to 2023 for time-series analysis. The report highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic crises, and geopolitical instability on gender gaps, emphasizing the need for renewed action to achieve parity.

Main Findings

Global Gender Gap Score

• 2023 Global Score: 68.4% of the gender gap is closed globally.
• Constant Sample (145 countries): Score improved from 68.1% to 68.4%, a 0.3 percentage point increase.
• 102 Continuous Countries (since 2006): Score is 68.6%, recovering to the 2020 level and improving by 4.1 percentage points since 2006.
• Time to Full Parity: At the current rate, it will take 131 years to close the global gender gap.

Top Performing Countries

• Iceland (91.2%) continues to lead globally.
• Top 10 Countries: Iceland, Norway, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden, Germany, Nicaragua, Namibia, Lithuania, and Belgium.
• Countries Falling Out of Top 10: Ireland (79.5%) and Rwanda (79.4%).

Subindex Progress

• Health and Survival: 96% of the gap closed.
• Educational Attainment: 95.2% of the gap closed.
• Economic Participation and Opportunity: 60.1% of the gap closed.
• Political Empowerment: 22.1% of the gap closed.

Regional Analysis

Europe

• Parity Score: 76.3%, the highest among all regions.
• Top Performers: Iceland, Norway, Finland.
• Bottom Performers: Hungary, Czech Republic, Cyprus.
• Time to Parity: 67 years.
• Change from 2022: Declined by 0.2 percentage points.

North America

• Parity Score: 75%, second-highest.
• Change from 2022: Declined by 1.9 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 95 years.

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Parity Score: 74.3%.
• Change from 2022: Increased by 1.7 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 53 years.
• Top Performers: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Jamaica.
• Bottom Performers: Belize, Paraguay, Guatemala.

Eurasia and Central Asia

• Parity Score: 69%.
• Change from 2022: Stagnated.
• Time to Parity: 167 years.
• Top Performers: Moldova, Belarus, Armenia.
• Bottom Performers: Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Türkiye.

East Asia and the Pacific

• Parity Score: 68.8%.
• Change from 2022: Declined by 0.2 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 189 years.
• Top Performers: New Zealand, Philippines, Australia.
• Bottom Performers: Fiji, Myanmar, Japan.

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Parity Score: 68.2%, slightly below the global average.
• Change from 2022: Improved by 0.1 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 102 years.
• Top Performers: Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa.
• Bottom Performers: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Chad.

Southern Asia

• Parity Score: 63.4%, the second-lowest.
• Change from 2022: Improved by 1.1 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 149 years.
• Top Performers: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka.
• Bottom Performers: Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan.

Middle East and North Africa

• Parity Score: 62.6%, the lowest among all regions.
• Change from 2022: Declined by 0.9 percentage points.
• Time to Parity: 152 years.
• Top Performers: UAE, Israel, Bahrain.
• Bottom Performers: Morocco, Oman, Algeria.

Key Trends in the Labour Market

• Labour Force Participation:

  • Women's participation increased slightly from 63% to 64%.
  • However, the rate remains at the second-lowest since 2006 and below the 2009 peak of 69%.
  • Women have higher unemployment rates than men (4.5% vs. 4.3%).

• Workforce Representation:

  • Women account for 41.9% of the workforce globally, but only 32.2% in senior leadership.
  • Representation in C-Suite roles is even lower at 25%.
  • Women are overrepresented in certain industries (e.g., Consumer Services, Retail, Education) and underrepresented in others (e.g., Construction, Financial Services, Real Estate).

• STEM and Future Skills:

  • Women are significantly underrepresented in STEM occupations (29.2% of workers).
  • In 2022, women made up 49.3% of non-STEM employment.
  • In online learning, gender gaps persist, especially in technology skills (e.g., technological literacy: 43.7%, AI and big data: 33.7%).
  • Women tend to achieve proficiency faster than men in most skill categories.

Political Leadership Gaps

• Female Heads of State: 27.9% of the global population (2.12 billion people) live in countries with a female head of state.
• Women in Parliaments: Increased from 18.7% in 2013 to 22.9% in 2022.
• Local Governance: 18 countries, including Bolivia, India, and France, have over 40% female representation in local governance.

DEI Initiatives and Economic Recovery

• DEI Programs: Over 70% of surveyed organizations have implemented DEI programs, with a focus on women.
• Private Sector Action: Firms are shifting from workforce-centric to whole-of-business approaches, including inclusive design, supply chains, and community impact.
• Call to Action: The report emphasizes the need for collective and coordinated efforts by both public and private sector leaders to accelerate progress towards gender parity, which is crucial for economic recovery and resilience.

Methodology and Data Sources

• The report uses data from international organizations and surveys of executives.
• LinkedIn and Coursera provide new metrics for tracking workforce participation, leadership representation, and online skilling.
• The Global Gender Gap Index is calculated on a 0–100 scale, with 1 indicating full parity.
• The methodology is detailed in Appendix B and includes contextual factors that may affect data interpretation.

Conclusion

The 2023 Global Gender Gap Report underscores that while health and education gaps have narrowed, economic and political gaps remain stubbornly large. The report calls for urgent and coordinated action to close these gaps, highlighting the role of DEI initiatives, policy reforms, and cross-sector collaboration. The findings suggest that without significant acceleration, full gender parity will not be achieved for many decades, emphasizing the importance of sustained efforts and strategic investments in promoting gender equality.