2017年-WEF世界经济论坛_The_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2017_361页_10mb

Global Gender Gap Report 2017 Summary

Core Content

The Global Gender Gap Report 2017 is an annual publication by the World Economic Forum, in collaboration with LinkedIn, that measures gender equality across four key areas: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. The report uses a Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), which ranges from 0 (imparity) to 1 (parity), to rank 144 countries based on their progress toward gender equality. The goal is to raise global awareness of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities that arise from closing them.

Main Points and Key Findings

Global Gender Gap Progress

• Average progress: In 2017, the average progress on closing the global gender gap stands at 68.0%, with a remaining gap of 32.0% across the four subindexes.
• Comparison to 2016: The gap has increased slightly from 31.7% in 2016, marking a reversal of progress in economic participation and political empowerment.
• Time to close the gap: Based on current trends, the global gender gap could be closed in 100 years for the 106 countries covered since the report's inception.

Regional Performance

• Western Europe leads with a remaining gap of 25%, ahead of North America (28%), Latin America and the Caribbean (29.8%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (29%).
• East Asia and the Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa have gaps of 31.7% and 32.4%, respectively.
• Middle East and North Africa has a remaining gap of 39.8%, which is the first time this region has crossed the 40% threshold.

Economic and Political Gaps

• Economic Participation and Opportunity remains the most challenging gap, with only 58% of the gap closed, a second consecutive year of reversed progress.
• Political Empowerment has the widest gap, with only 23% closed, but it has shown the most progress despite a slowdown in 2017.

Education Gap

• Educational Attainment gap has decreased slightly, with 95.3% closed, compared to 95.7% in 2016.
• The report emphasizes that education alone is not sufficient to close the gender gap, as women still face challenges in earning opportunities, economic independence, and leadership roles.

Occupational Gender Gaps

• Men are underrepresented in Education and Health and Welfare sectors.
• Women are underrepresented in Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction, and Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT) fields.
• Gender biases disrupt fair returns to skills and access to talent pools, especially in care economy and emerging technology sectors.

Economic Impact of Gender Parity

• The report highlights that gender parity can yield significant economic benefits, with estimates suggesting:
  • United Kingdom: +US$250 billion to GDP
  • United States: +US$1,750 billion to GDP
  • Japan: +US$550 billion to GDP
  • France: +US$320 billion to GDP
  • Germany: +US$310 billion to GDP
  • China: Potential +US$2.5 trillion to GDP
  • Global GDP: Potential +US$5.3 trillion by 2025 through closing the gender gap in economic participation by 25%.

Methodology

• The Global Gender Gap Index is built on three core concepts:

  1. Gaps vs. levels: The index measures the gap in access to resources and opportunities rather than the level of those resources.
  2. Outcomes vs. inputs: It evaluates outcomes (e.g., health, education, economic participation, political empowerment) rather than inputs (e.g., policies, cultural norms).
  3. Gender equality vs. women's empowerment: The index ranks countries based on gender equality rather than the empowerment of women alone.

• The index is composed of four subindexes, each with specific indicators:

  • Economic Participation and Opportunity:
    • Labour force participation
    • Wage equality
    • Estimated earned income
    • Female legislators, senior officials, and managers
    • Female professional and technical workers
  • Educational Attainment:
    • Literacy rates
    • Primary, secondary, and tertiary education enrollment
  • Health and Survival:
    • Sex ratio at birth
    • Healthy life expectancy
  • Political Empowerment:
    • Female representation in parliament
    • Female representation in ministerial positions
    • Female heads of state in the last 50 years

• The 2017 edition introduced an online Data Explorer tool to allow for interactive comparisons of gender-based disparities across countries and indicators.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The report calls for global action to accelerate gender equality through bold policy-making, business commitment, and individual responsibility.
• It highlights the importance of collaboration among governments, businesses, and civil society to close gender gaps.
• The System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work plays a key role in coordinating efforts and sharing best practices.
• The Closing the Gender Gap project focuses on public-private cooperation to drive change in future-ready countries.

Key Contributors and Partners

• Project Lead: Till Alexander Leopold
• Data Lead: Vesselina Ratcheva
• Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda: Richard Samans
• Head of Education, Gender and Work: Saadia Zahidi
• System Initiative Partners:
  • Harvard University: Ricardo Hausmann
  • University of California, Berkeley: Laura D'Andrea Tyson
  • LinkedIn: Research team (Nick Eng, Paul Ko, Rachel Bowley, Chris Pham, Jackie Zhao)
• Other Contributors: Milorad Kovacevic, Nada Abdoun, Piyamit Bing Chomprasob, Sofia Michalopoulou, Paulina Padilla Ugarte, Valerie Peyre, Brittany Robles, Theodore Roos, Pearl Samandari, Susan Wilkinson

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