世界银行-全球燃料补贴和定价政策盘点（英）-2025.6_38页_1mb

Key Findings and Summary:

• Context: Starting in late 2020, rising oil prices led to a global increase in fuel subsidy and price control measures as of January 2025. This resulted in widespread market distortions, including shortages, black markets, and unsustainable subsidy costs.

• Global Trends: Currently, most economies regulate fuel prices, with many keeping them frozen for months or years. Governments adopted measures like fuel tax reductions, tax exemptions, and price caps to curb inflation. By January 2025, 45% of economies with regulated prices have not adjusted prices for extended periods, exacerbating issues.

• Impacts: Fuel subsidies are regressive, often benefiting wealthier groups and harming the environment. They divert fiscal resources from development priorities and increase vulnerability to oil price volatility. Countries like Malaysia and Algeria report high fiscal burdens due to subsidies.

• Reforms: Many nations are reversing existing subsidies or delaying reforms to address fiscal pressures. Successful reforms, such as those in Colombia, highlight the need for gradual removal, social protection mechanisms, and strategic reallocation of savings. Conversely, Ecuador experienced backlash from abrupt reforms.

• Recommendations: Governments are advised to use distributional analysis for fair reform design, target subsidies with cash transfers or sectoral support, leverage digital tools for efficiency, and integrate reforms with broader development goals to gain public support.

Overall, energy subsidy reforms are a complex, politically sensitive process that requires careful planning, stakeholder engagement, and phased implementation to achieve fiscal sustainability and equitable outcomes.