2009年-世界发展银行全球_Tanzania_-_Public_Expenditure_Review_of_the_Water_Sector_93页_1mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector in Tanzania

Core Content

The Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector in Tanzania provides an in-depth analysis of the sector's financial performance, efficiency, and the challenges in mobilizing and allocating resources. It outlines the government's reform efforts, the role of external donors, and the need for improved investment planning and operational efficiency to meet the goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and enhance service delivery.

Main Points

1. Sector Overview and Reform

The water sector in Tanzania is undergoing significant reform, with a forward-looking National Water Policy (NAWAP – 2002) promoting integrated water resources management.
The sector has become a priority since FY2005, with a larger share of the capital budget allocated to water infrastructure, especially water supply.
Donors have increased their funding to the water sector, and sector-wide approaches (SWAp) have been introduced to improve coordination.

2. Role of MOWI (Ministry of Water and Irrigation)

MOWI has shifted from being a direct implementer to a facilitator, as the government has decentralized its responsibilities.
A larger portion of MOWI's budget is now used for policy, planning, coordination, and M&E, rather than direct project implementation.
The transition is not yet complete, as MOWI's capacity to support districts with planning, monitoring, and assistance still needs improvement.

3. Access to Improved Water Sources

Access to improved water sources has increased since FY2004/05, but remains below 2000 levels, especially in urban areas.
Urban areas face greater challenges due to rapid urbanization and the pressure on utilities to improve access.
The operating cost coverage ratio and non-revenue water are significant indicators of sector performance, with urban utilities showing high levels of inefficiency.

4. Funding and Budgeting

Public expenditure on water has increased significantly over the past decade.
The flow of funds includes a mix of government and donor contributions, with donors providing the bulk of capital funding.
There is a gap between budget allocations and actual spending, especially at the subnational level.
MOWI's absorption capacity has improved, but budget execution performance varies widely across regions.

Key Issues and Challenges

1. Sector-specific Issues

Subsidies are still a major component of public spending, crowding out investment in new infrastructure.
Inefficient use of resources leads to delays in service expansion and hinders progress toward MDG targets.
High non-revenue water (averaging 45%) and over-employment (6 employees per 1,000 connections) are significant inefficiencies.
Performance-based transfers and poverty-targeted funding formulas are recommended to improve efficiency and equity.

2. Systemic Issues

Budget procedures and funding predictability are major systemic challenges.
Procurement and disbursement processes are not fully aligned, leading to delays and inefficiencies.
Donor coordination and funding reliability are critical for long-term planning and implementation.
Lack of cost-benefit analysis for projects results in hidden costs being borne by the public, reducing the efficiency of public spending.

Recommendations

1. Improve Sector Investment Planning

Establish a robust pipeline of implementable projects.
Review and adapt the investment screening mechanism to include long-term operation and maintenance cost implications.
Develop a long-term investment strategy that covers all sub-sectors, not just urban and rural water supply.
Link the sector plan to the budget and improve the Medium-Term Economic Framework (MTEF) for better strategic planning.

2. Enhance Predictability of Funding Releases

Strengthen procurement, disbursement, and auditing functions within MOWI and local governments.
Ensure independence and accountability among different units within the Ministry.
Provide training to staff to improve procurement proficiency.
Implement a code of conduct for donors to improve transparency and reduce transaction costs.

3. Introduce Incentives in Funding Allocation

Focus on performance-based transfers and poverty-targeted formulas.
Standardize technologies and set minimum service standards to reduce maintenance and operational costs.
Use discriminatory tariff policies that reflect service levels, with lower costs for basic services and higher for premium ones.
Ensure affordability for low-income households by avoiding excessive tariff increases.

4. Promote Financial Sustainability

Improve billing and collection efficiencies to generate more revenue.
Link public investment to performance improvements in urban water utilities.
Continue focus on Dar es Salaam, as it plays a critical role in the sector's performance and has high hidden costs.

Efficiency Gains and Cost Reduction

Technology choice and standardization can significantly reduce costs.
Cost efficiency in service delivery is crucial, especially for utilities struggling to cover operating costs.
Reducing over-employment and increasing collection rates can lead to substantial savings, potentially up to TzS27 billion annually.

Donor Mobilization

Donor funding has increased, but fragmentation and inconsistent allocation remain issues.
A sector-wide approach (SWAp) has been introduced to improve coordination and resource pooling.
Donors should improve predictability and reliability of funding to support long-term planning and implementation.

Conclusion

Despite increased funding and policy reforms, the Tanzanian water sector still faces significant challenges in efficiency, sustainability, and equity. Addressing these issues requires a combination of improved investment planning, better funding predictability, performance-based transfers, and enhanced operational efficiency. The report emphasizes that increasing resources alone is not sufficient; effective use of these resources is equally important for achieving the sector's goals.

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