2023-12-20-未来能源研究所-欧盟碳边界调整机制_清洁竞争法_和_外国污染费法_的比较_21页_897kb

Comparing EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Clean Competition Act, and Foreign Pollution Fee Act

This report analyzes and compares three border adjustment mechanisms (BAMs): the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), the Clean Competition Act (CCA), and the Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA). The common goals are to protect domestic industry competitiveness during decarbonization and to incentivize other countries to increase their climate ambitions. Each mechanism has additional objectives, such as integrating with domestic policies like emissions trading or regulations.

The EU CBAM focuses on high-GHG-intensity products, uses CBAM certificates linked to the EU ETS, and excludes upstream Scope 3 emissions except for precursors. The CCA establishes domestic regulations and performance standards, imposing fees on high-intensity industries, with benchmarks declining over time and revenues used for green investments. The FPFA employs ad valorem fees tiered by GHG intensity differences, aiming to reduce imported emissions over 12 years, and includes all three GHG scopes.

Key differences include coverage (EU CBAM h�ighlights product categories like cement and steel, CCA adds finished goods and uses six-digit codes, FPFA allows product additions via petition and covers diverse sectors). GHG intensity calculations vary: EU CBAM and CCA use specific taxonomies (e.g., Harmonized Tariff), while FPFA includes Scope 3. Baselines and fee structures also differ, with EU CBAM rebating fees based on origin carbon prices, CCA reducing benchmarks yearly, and FPFA recomputing periodically.

Takeaways: The EU CBAM's implementation demonstrates BAMs as a growing climate policy tool, but BAMs raise concerns about global trade conflicts (e.g., WTO challenges), implementation complexity, and potential economic impacts on exporting countries. BAMs may spread beyond the EU, affecting international competitiveness, emissions, and investments, with outcomes uncertain.

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