东盟能源数据-东盟煤炭转型路径——通过技术准备和政策支持推进CFPP的能源转型（英）-2025.7_8页_815kb

Policy Brief Summary: Advancing Clean Coal Transition in ASEAN

Introduction & Overview

• Coal remains a significant energy source in ASEAN (2050 share: ~19.6%), despite projections for a decline under regional climate goals.
• Challenges include high emissions (~0.91 MtCO₂/TWh) and policy/regulatory fragmentation. Countries like Indonesia and Malaysia lead in initiatives but face barriers (infrastructure, funding).

Key Technologies & Current Status

1. Co-Firing

• Biomass Co-Firing: Indonesia (highest co-firing rate: 7.14%), Malaysia (target: 15% by 2027), Thailand testing (>2% blend). Challenges: sustainable feedstock, land use conflicts.
• Ammonia Co-Firing: Pilots in Indonesia (20%), Malaysia (15%+ aims), but lacks regional supply chains. Ammonia is carbon-free but requires specialized infrastructure.

2. Coal Upgrading

• Indonesia leads with 5 operating facilities; Malaysia and Thailand are studying feasibility. Reduces emissions but requires significant retrofitting.

3. Carbon Capture, Utilisation & Storage (CCUS)

• Indonesia: Plans 15 CCUS projects by 2030. Malaysia targets 3 hubs by 2030.
• Viet Nam: Studies ongoing, hopes to integrate into national plans by 2030.
• Challenges: High costs (USD 40/ton), no regional CO₂ pipelines/storages, regulatory gaps.

Policy & Regulatory Gaps

• Missing Regional Standards: No harmonized fuel specs or CCUS protocols, hindering cross-border projects.
• National Ambiguity: Many countries lack clear coal transition roadmaps or binding targets.
• Economic Barriers: Limited financing for retrofits; few incentives for adopting clean coal techs.

ASEAN-Wide Recommendations

1. National Integration: Mandate CCTs in national energy plans (PDPs) with phased reduction timelines.
2. Policy Mechanisms: Implement carbon pricing/regulation for emissions, mandating co-firing/CCUS shares.
3. Standardisation: Harmonise biomass/ammonia fuel/quality standards and CCUS protocols to reduce costs and streamline approvals.
4. Capacity Building: Train policymakers/operators/experts to support technology adoption.
5. Regional Coordination: Joint standards, shared R&D, and CO₂ transport/storage planning across ASEAN.

Outlook

• Coal’s role will persist in the short term, but clean coal transition is essential to meet climate goals.
• Success hinges on coordinated action, policy alignment, and investment in infrastructure.