美国的量子政策（英）-2023.10-32页_1mb

U.S. Approach to Quantum Policy

U.S. policy on quantum information science (QIS) has evolved significantly since the 1990s, with federal agencies like NIST, NSF, and DOE leading efforts to maintain competitiveness in quantum technologies. Key technologies include quantum sensing, computing, networking, fundamental science, and general applications. The National Quantum Initiative Act (NQIA) and the CHIPS and Science Act provide frameworks for R&D, funding, and international collaboration. Recommendations focus on sustaining funding, enhancing workforce education, addressing supply chain risks, and fostering public-private partnerships.

Overview of Quantum Technologies

QIS is an interdisciplinary field encompassing five core technologies: quantum sensing and metrology, quantum computing, quantum networking, QIS for fundamental science, and quantum technology applications. These aim to advance computing, secure communications, and scientific discovery.

Policy Framework

Executive actions include reports from the NSTC outlining principles for an "all-of-government approach." Legislative efforts, such as the NQIA and CHIPS and Science Act, authorize funding and establish bodies like the National Quantum Coordination Office (NQCO) and advisory committees to coordinate research and education.

Funding and R&D

The U.S. has doubled QIS R&D funding since 2019, reaching around $855 million in FY 2021 and planned increases. Challenges include maintaining sustained investment due to budget constraints, with calls for at least $525 million per year. Funding supports interdisciplinary centers, user facilities, and training programs to drive innovation.

Workforce Development

Education initiatives start at K-12, with programs promoting quantum literacy in STEM. Higher education faces barriers to integrating QIS courses due to funding and enrollment pressures. Research from DOE highlights job roles requiring various degrees, with recommendations for targeted training and international recruitment.

Ecosystem and Supply Chain

The U.S. relies on allies and competitors for critical materials like rare-earth ions, creating supply chain risks. Efforts include supply chain reviews and commercialization challenges through PPPs to accelerate near-term quantum applications.

International Collaboration

Bilateral agreements with countries like the UK and EU enhance cooperation, but differing approaches exist. Export controls are under development to protect U.S. interests, with recommendations for standard-setting and shared moonshot projects.

Conclusion and Key Recommendations

U.S. leadership in quantum is at risk due to global investments; recommendations include reauthorizing NQIA with adequate funding, establishing quantum infrastructure programs, enhancing workforce education, and strengthening international collaboration.

Key Recommendations:

• Reauthorize NQIA with at least $525 million/year funding.
• Fully fund the QUEST program to improve access to quantum resources.
• Create a DOE-led quantum infrastructure program to address supply chain needs.
• Expand QIS education and training at K-12 and higher levels.
• Review quantum supply chain risks and vulnerabilities.
• Establish quantum testbeds for applied research.
• Promote U.S. participation in international standards fora.
• Support public-private partnerships for commercialization.
• Clarify workforce needs and develop targeted training programs.
• Strengthen immigration policies to attract global talent.