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Djibouti Renewable Energy Readiness Assessment Summary

Core Content

This document presents the Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) for Djibouti, conducted in collaboration with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). It outlines the country's energy challenges, opportunities, and the strategic framework for renewable energy development. The assessment is part of Djibouti's long-term development plan, Vision 2035, which aims to transition the country to 100% green energy by 2020, making it the first African nation to achieve this goal.

Main Objectives

• To identify the potential for renewable energy development in Djibouti.
• To assess the enabling environment for renewable energy deployment.
• To highlight the challenges and opportunities for scaling up renewable energy use.
• To provide recommendations for accelerating renewable energy integration into the national energy mix.

Key Points from the Document

1.1 Country Background

• Djibouti is a small country located at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, with a surface area of 23,000 km².
• It has a semi-arid climate and is highly vulnerable to drought and water scarcity.
• The population is approximately 900,000, growing at 2.9% annually, with 70% living in urban areas.
• The economy is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, which exposes it to oil price volatility and economic strain.
• The economy is characterised by extreme dualism between a modern, export-oriented urban sector and a subsistence-based rural sector.

1.2 Role of Energy in Development

• Energy is a key driver of economic development and is central to Djibouti's Vision 2035.
• The goal is to transition from 100% fossil fuel-based power generation in 2010 to 100% renewable energy by 2020.
• Current electricity consumption is low at 330 kWh per capita, far below the African average of 575 kWh and global average of 2770 kWh.
• 55% of the population lacks access to electricity, highlighting the need for improved energy access and security.

1.3 Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA)

• The RRA was led by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MERN) in cooperation with the Djibouti Agency for Energy Management (ADME).
• The process involved consultations with national stakeholders, including government, private sector, and civil society.
• Workshops were conducted to identify renewable energy service-resource pairs and define action plans for their implementation.
• The RRA aims to identify strengths and weaknesses to support the rapid deployment of renewable energy, both on-grid and off-grid.

Energy Context

2.1 Regional Context

• East Africa is experiencing economic growth, with countries like Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi showing positive performance.
• The region faces uneven distribution of energy resources, which affects the ability to achieve energy security and access.
• Power grid integration is a key strategy to improve reliability and reduce costs, as seen in the Ethiopia-Djibouti interconnector.
• Despite having significant renewable energy potential, Djibouti is not yet a member of the East African Power Pool (EAPP).

2.2 Energy Supply and Demand

• Djibouti is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels, which is a major economic burden.
• The country needs to modernise and upgrade its power infrastructure to address voltage fluctuations, blackouts, and other disruptions.
• The electricity demand is expected to grow in line with the country's economic development goals.

2.3 Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution

• The electricity sector is dominated by the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPC) and Djibouti Electricity Company (EdD).
• The transmission network is underdeveloped and requires significant investment.
• The country has a highly urban population, which makes universal electrification more achievable than in other parts of the region.

2.4 Renewable Energy Resources

• Djibouti has significant geothermal, wind, and solar energy resources.
• Geothermal potential is estimated at 300–500 MW, with promising sites such as Fiale Caldera.
• Solar and wind resources are also abundant, as shown in GHI and wind speed data.
• These resources can be harnessed to reduce fossil fuel dependence, improve energy security, and support economic and social development.

Enabling Environment for Renewable Energy

3.1 Key Stakeholders and Institutions

• The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MERN) is the main authority responsible for energy policy.
• The Djibouti Agency for Energy Management (ADME) was established to promote and manage renewable energy.
• ADME is tasked with identifying internal assets, financial mechanisms, and incentives for renewable energy adoption.

3.2 Energy Policies and Regulatory Framework

• Djibouti has been working on developing a legislative and regulatory framework for renewable-based power generation.
• The government aims to nurture SMEs for local manufacturing of renewable energy components.
• Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) are being developed to facilitate collaboration between public and private entities.

3.3 Financing and Investment

• The country needs to develop financial mechanisms to support renewable energy projects.
• International cooperation and support from agencies like IRENA are critical for the technical and financial feasibility of renewable energy deployment.

Emerging Issues Affecting Renewable Energy Deployment

4.1 Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Options

• Geothermal, wind, and solar are the main renewable sources for grid-connected power.
• The Ethiopia-Djibouti interconnector provides reliable and affordable power to Djibouti.
• The government is working on establishing a regulatory framework for grid integration of renewables.

4.2 Off-Grid Renewable Energy Options

• Off-grid solutions are crucial for rural electrification.
• Diesel systems are currently used in rural areas, but they are being replaced by renewable technologies.
• Mini-grids and distributed systems can be flexible and scalable, allowing for integration into the national grid in the future.

4.3 Opportunities and Constraints

• Renewable energy offers economic and environmental benefits, including job creation and reduced energy import bills.
• The high unemployment rate (60%) and poverty (42% of population below the poverty line) can be addressed through renewable energy development.
• Technical capacity and regulatory frameworks are still underdeveloped, posing challenges to large-scale deployment.

Summary of Recommended Actions

• Develop a comprehensive regulatory framework for renewable energy.
• Strengthen technical and institutional capacity to support renewable energy projects.
• Promote local manufacturing of renewable energy components through SMEs.
• Expand grid-connected renewable energy projects (geothermal, wind, solar).
• Implement off-grid renewable energy systems in rural areas to improve access.
• Enhance international cooperation and technical support from IRENA and other global agencies.
• Encourage public-private partnerships for the development and management of renewable energy.
• Focus on energy efficiency and sustainable energy transition as part of long-term development goals.

Conclusion

The RRA has provided a holistic assessment of Djibouti's renewable energy potential and the challenges to its deployment. The country's strategic vision of achieving 100% green energy by 2020 is realistic and achievable, given the abundance of renewable resources and the support from international partners. The establishment of ADME and the initiation of the RRA process mark a positive step towards renewable energy transition. With continued investment, policy development, and international collaboration, Djibouti can transform its energy sector and achieve sustainable development.