2009年-世界发展银行全球_Turkey_-_National_Innovation_and_Technology_System___Recent_Progress_and_Ongoing_Challenges_130页_9mb

Summary of Turkey's National Innovation and Technology System

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of Turkey's National Innovation and Technology System (NIS), highlighting recent progress and ongoing challenges. It was prepared in collaboration with the Turkish Government and the World Bank, focusing on how innovation and technology can enhance productivity, competitiveness, and employment in the Turkish economy.

Main Points

1. Economic Context and Objectives

• Turkey's Ninth Development Plan (2007–2013) aims to double nominal per capita income and increase employment by 2.7% annually.
• Labor productivity in Turkey is currently below 40% of the EU-25 average and 29% of the US average, necessitating improvements in innovation and technology.
• The report emphasizes the need to increase R&D expenditures from less than 0.6% to 2% of GDP and to raise the private share of R&D from 29% to 60% of the total.

2. Recent Progress

• Public expenditures on R&D and innovation have increased significantly, with over US$1.5 billion allocated to TUBITAK from 2005 to 2008.
• The share of R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.67% in 2002 to 0.76% in 2006.
• Fourteen new policy measures and programs have been introduced, with a focus on strengthening collaboration between the enterprise and research sectors.

3. Challenges

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Although the IPR framework is broadly aligned with the EU, implementation and enforcement remain weak, particularly in industrial property rights.
• Collaboration: Limited interaction between public research institutes, universities, and the enterprise sector hinders innovation performance.
• Innovation Finance: The venture capital (VC) and business angel sector is underdeveloped, with only three VC Investment Trusts and annual investments under US$100 million.
• Human Capital: There is a shortage of researchers, with only 2.0 researchers per 1,000 employed, significantly lower than the EU-27 average of 5.8.
• Technology Adoption: Turkish firms tend to purchase machinery rather than develop their own technology, with a lower rate of technology acquisition compared to other emerging economies.

4. International Comparisons

• Turkey's R&D intensity is much lower than that of the EU-27 and the US.
• The country's share of firms developing and upgrading products is below that of countries like Brazil, Thailand, and Poland.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows have increased, but manufacturing sectors have not received the largest share, and investment levels remain lower than in most new EU member states.

Key Programs and Institutions

• TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey): Central to the NIS, it manages R&D programs, coordinates with the EU Research Area, and operates a network of public R&D institutions.
• BTYK (Supreme Council of Science and Technology): The highest body for science and technology policy, providing strategic direction and advisory support.
• KOSGEB (Small and Medium Industry Development Organization): Supports SMEs through innovation and technology programs.
• TTGV (Technology Development Foundation of Turkey): Promotes technology development and innovation.
• TAE (Turkish Atomic Energy Authority): Focuses on nuclear technology and energy research.
• TUBA (Turkish Academy of Sciences): Engages in scientific research and promotes academic collaboration.
• TSE (Turkish Standards Institution): Ensures quality and standardization in products and services.
• TPE (Turkish Patent Institute): Manages intellectual property rights and patents.
• Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs): Facilitate collaboration between research and industry, with efforts to expand them in major universities.

Policy and Institutional Reforms

• The Turkish Government has implemented institutional and legislative reforms to support innovation and technology.
• The NIS is being aligned with EU standards and international best practices.
• There is a growing emphasis on regional development and the impact of innovation policies.

Areas for Further Analysis

• Policy Coordination: The need for better coordination among NIS institutions.
• IPR Protection: Strengthening the legal and institutional framework for IPR.
• Enterprise-Research Collaboration: Improving mechanisms for knowledge transfer and commercialization.
• Innovation Finance: Developing the VC and business angel sector to support private R&D.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing robust mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of key programs such as private R&D support schemes, Technoparks, and technology diffusion initiatives.

Conclusion

Turkey's NIS is well-developed by international standards but faces several challenges in achieving its innovation and technology goals. The report outlines the need for continued reform, particularly in enhancing the effectiveness of IPR protection, fostering better collaboration between the enterprise and research sectors, and developing a more robust innovation finance system. These efforts are critical to improving productivity, competitiveness, and employment in the Turkish economy.