2012年-世界发展银行全球_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan___Carbon_Capture_and_Storage_Capacity_Building_Technical_Assistance_68页_2mb

Summary of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Capacity Building Technical Assistance Report for Jordan

Core Content

This report, funded by the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Capacity Building Trust Fund and administered by the World Bank, evaluates the potential for CCS in Jordan. It outlines the current state of CCS readiness, identifies key emission sources, explores geological opportunities for CO₂ storage, and suggests capacity-building activities to support future CCS development.

Main Objectives

1. Build or enhance Jordan's institutional capacity to make informed policy decisions on CCS technology and applications.
2. Assess the potential application of CCS technology within Jordan.
3. Identify barriers—legal, regulatory, financial, and others—to CCS activities and recommend ways to address them.

Key Findings

2.1 CO₂ Emission Sources and Potential for Capture

• Jordan's main CO₂ emission sources include:
  • Power plants (natural gas and oil-fired)
  • The country's sole oil refinery
  • Cement and fertilizer production facilities
• The Amman-Zarqa and Qatrana areas are highlighted as the primary regions for CCS due to the presence of large emission sources.
• The oil shale power plant, expected to be 600 MW, could significantly increase CO₂ emissions.
• Current annual CO₂ emissions are approximately 30 million metric tons, with 85% from energy-related activities.
• Estimated CO₂ capture costs range from $52 to $74 per ton, assuming 90% capture efficiency.
• Water requirements for CO₂ capture are estimated at 23.5 million m³ per year.

2.2 Productive Use of Captured CO₂ Emissions

• Two main options for productive use of captured CO₂ are identified:
  • Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in neighboring countries (Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia)
  • Enhancing geothermal water production for moderate-temperature power generation

2.2.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

• Egypt: Six oil fields in the Red Sea Basin, located 300–500 miles from Jordan, are suitable for EOR with CO₂.
  • Estimated CO₂ demand: 800 million metric tons over 30–40 years.
  • CO₂-EOR target: 2 billion barrels.
• Iraq: A large Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin oil field in western Iraq, located 500 miles from Jordan, could benefit from CO₂-EOR.
  • Estimated CO₂ demand: 2,400 million metric tons over 30–50 years.
  • CO₂-EOR target: 6 billion barrels.
• Arabian Gulf Region: 92 oil fields across Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other Gulf countries may be viable for CO₂-EOR.
  • Estimated CO₂ demand: 88,000 million metric tons over 50–100 years.
  • CO₂-EOR target: 220 billion barrels.

2.2.2 Other Productive Uses

• Geothermal water production: The Hamad Basin has high geothermal gradients, making it a potential area for extracting hot water (135°C–200°C) for moderate-temperature power generation.
• Enhanced Gas Recovery: This option is considered speculative and not within the scope of the current report.

2.3 Geological Aspects of CCS in Jordan

• Two key basins are identified for CO₂ storage:
  • Hamad Basin (northeast Jordan)
  • Wadi Sirhan Basin (east-central Jordan)
• Disi Sandstone (part of the Ram Group) is the first priority formation in the Hamad Basin.
  • It is a thick, deeply buried sandstone with highly saline water.
  • The Hiswa Shale serves as a caprock.
• Dubeidib Formation (part of the Khreim Group) is the second priority formation.
  • Contains the gas-saturated Risha Unit, which is a source for the Risha Gas Field.
  • Further characterization is needed to assess its suitability for CO₂ storage.
• In the Wadi Sirhan Basin, both the Disi and Dubeidib formations are considered for CO₂ storage.
  • The Mudwwara Shale serves as the caprock for the Dubeidib Formation.

3. Barriers to CCS Development

• No specific Jordan-specific policies currently support or prohibit CCS.
• Legal and regulatory framework is not yet established for CCS.
• Financing is a global challenge, not unique to Jordan.
• Recommendation: A project-specific approach should be taken to address domestic barriers rather than a macro-level strategy.

4. Capacity Building Recommendations

• Short to medium-term activities:
  1. Conduct a comprehensive geological assessment of the Wadi Sirhan Basin for CO₂ storage.
  2. Carry out a rigorous reservoir characterization and CO₂ injectivity pilot in the Disi Sandstone of the Hamad Basin.
  3. Support conceptual design, feasibility study, and pilot activity for CO₂ capture and storage at planned power plants, especially the oil shale power plant.
• Long-term activities:
  4. Explore regional opportunities for CO₂ transport and EOR in Egypt, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.
  5. Further evaluate CO₂ injection for geothermal water production.

5. Concluding Remarks

• Capacity building is more appropriate than capital investment in the short term due to Jordan's limited CO₂ emissions and fiscal constraints.
• The unbundled power sector in Jordan could be leveraged to attract international CCS investment.
• Protecting potable water resources is crucial in any CCS project due to the proximity of storage sites to groundwater systems.
• Jordan has a strong track record of adopting new technologies, and the same approach can be applied to CCS.

Key Stakeholders and Support

• Supported by:
  • Jordanian Ministries of Planning and International Cooperation, Energy and Mineral Resources, Environment, Water and Irrigation
  • National Energy Research Center
  • Natural Resources Authority
  • Royal Geographic Center
  • Water Authority of Jordan
  • National Petroleum Company
  • Universities (University of Jordan, Yarmouk University)
• Study team:
  • Rome Chavapricha (team leader)
  • Hayat Al-Harazi, Stratos Tavoulareas, Sydnella Kpundeh, Laila Kotb (World Bank)
  • Vello Kuuskraa, Keith Moodhe, Joyce Frank (Advanced Resources International, Inc.)
  • Cecilia Brady (editorial support)

Appendices and Supporting Documents

• Annex 1: CO₂ Point Sources in the Amman-Zarqa and Qatrana Areas
• Annex 2: Documents Collected and References
• Annex 3: Report on Options for CO₂ Transportation and Storage for Jordan
• Annex 4: Laws, Regulations, and International Conventions Related to CCS in Jordan
• Annex 5: Global CCS Regulations Update
• Annex 6: List of Counterparts
• Annex 7: Jordan - The National Committee on Climate Change