2015年-世界发展银行全球_The_Indonesia_Carbon_Capture_Storage_Capacity_Building_Program___CCS_for_Coal-fired_Power_Plants_in_Indonesia_124页_7mb

Summary of the Indonesia Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Capacity Building Program

Core Content

This document outlines the Indonesia Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Capacity Building Program, focusing on the feasibility and implications of implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) in coal-fired power plants in South Sumatra and West Java. The study aims to support institutional capacity building for PLN (Indonesian National Electric Utility) and the Government of Indonesia (GoI) by evaluating the technical, economic, and institutional readiness for CCS in the power sector.

The report identifies CCS-Ready (CCS-R) as a concept where power plants are designed with the potential for future CO₂ capture and storage, even if not immediately implemented. It also explores the potential for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) as a co-benefit and cost-offsetting mechanism for CCS projects, particularly in South Sumatra.

Main Findings

• Technical Feasibility: A post-combustion CO₂ capture process using amine scrubbing (specifically MEA) has been identified as technically feasible for retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants.
• Design Requirements for CCS-Readiness:
  • Power plants must reserve space for future CO₂ capture equipment.
  • Detailed equipment design should consider future retrofitting.
  • No major changes to the plant are needed prior to implementation.
• Energy Penalty:
  • CO₂ capture results in a significant reduction in electricity output.
  • For 90% capture, the net electricity output drops by 27.5% for the West Java plant and 30.8% for the South Sumatra plant.
• Storage Capacity:
  • Depleted gas fields in West Java and South Sumatra have sufficient capacity to store CO₂.
  • Deep saline aquifers are also identified as potential storage options, though long-term constraints exist.
• Cost Implications:
  • Full CCS implementation increases electricity cost by about double.
  • The cost per tonne of CO₂ avoided is estimated at US$100.
  • Partial capture increases the cost per tonne due to sub-optimal equipment use.
  • Coal + CCS is cost-comparable to geothermal in Indonesia.
• EOR Potential:
  • South Sumatra power plant has good potential for EOR, while West Java does not.
  • EOR can provide a cost-offset and additional revenue stream for CCS projects.
• Environmental Benefits:
  • CO₂ capture leads to a reduction in local pollutants such as SO₂, NOx, and particulates.
• Policy and Institutional Barriers:
  • Policy recognition and institutional support are key barriers to CCS implementation.
  • Current National Climate Policy and sector regulations are not fully aligned with CCS needs.
  • Downstream infrastructure for CO₂ transportation and storage is underdeveloped.

Recommendations

1. Policy and Regulatory Support:
   • Develop CCS enabling policy incentives and a supportive regulatory environment.
   • Tailor policy mechanisms to the stage of technology development.
2. Financial and Technological Confidence:
   • Pursue measures to bridge the financial viability gap.
   • Improve confidence in CCS technology through demonstration and research.
3. Capacity Building and Awareness:
   • Undertake capacity building and CCS awareness initiatives.
   • Support R&D and pilot projects to enhance technical knowledge.
4. Implementation Roadmap:
   • Establish a roadmap for CCS pilot project development.
   • Encourage public-private partnerships for CCS infrastructure.
   • Promote EOR integration as a cost-effective mechanism.

Key Considerations

• Timing: CCS implementation is expected to occur 5 years after plant commissioning (2025 for West Java, 2027 for South Sumatra), with a 20-year operational period.
• Cost Breakdown:
  • West Java: Incremental capital cost of US$1.68 billion, annual O&M cost of US$182 million.
  • South Sumatra: Incremental capital cost of US$743 million, annual O&M cost of US$65 million.
• Economic Impact:
  • The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) increases with full CCS implementation.
  • EOR can provide economic benefits and offset costs.
• Technology Readiness:
  • Post-combustion capture is the only practical method for retrofitting.
  • MEA is a commercially proven process for CO₂ capture.
• Future Outlook:
  • CO₂ storage capacity may become a long-term constraint for CCS.
  • Coal-fired power with CCS is feasible but requires institutional and financial support.

Conclusion

The study concludes that CCS is technically and economically feasible for coal-fired power plants in Indonesia, but implementation is constrained by policy, institutional, and financial factors. South Sumatra is better positioned to leverage EOR opportunities, while West Java lacks such potential. CCS-Readiness is a viable strategy to align with Indonesia’s long-term energy and climate goals, but comprehensive policy frameworks and investment in infrastructure are essential for its success.