2016年-世界发展银行全球_Proven_Delivery_Models_for_LED_Public_Lighting___Public-Private_Partnership_Delivery_Model_-_Birmingham_United_Kingdom_20页_1mb

PROVEN DELIVERY MODELS FOR LED PUBLIC LIGHTING: Birmingham, UK Case Study

Core Content

The Birmingham LED street lighting project is a significant example of a public-private partnership (PPP) model used to modernize public infrastructure, specifically street lighting, in a large urban area. The project is part of a broader Highways Maintenance and Management PFI (HMMPFI) initiative, which was signed in 2010 between Birmingham City Council (BCC) and Amey plc. The goal of the project is to upgrade 97,000 streetlights across the city to LED technology, while also improving the condition of other transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and tunnels.

The project is divided into two phases:

• Stage One (2010–2015): A five-year period focused on replacing 57,404 streetlight luminaires with a mix of LED and conventional lamps, and installing adaptive controls to improve energy efficiency.
• Stage Two (2015–2035): A 20-year operational phase aimed at maintaining the improved standards and gradually upgrading the remaining 40,000 streetlights.

The project is funded through a public-private partnership (PFI) model, which allows the private sector to provide capital and manage the infrastructure, while the public sector retains oversight. The total value of the PFI contract is £2.7 billion (US$4.2 billion), with £171 (US$268) per unit allocated for the initial LED retrofit.

Main Points

Key Advantages of the PPP Model

• Access to Private Capital: The PPP model allows the BCC to avoid upfront capital costs by leveraging private investment.
• Risk Transfer: The private sector assumes technology and performance risks, which is attractive for both parties.
• Long-Term Efficiency: The model ensures long-term cost savings and improved service delivery through lifecycle cost analysis and performance-based contracts.

Project Objectives

• Modernize street lighting and associated infrastructure.
• Achieve 50% energy savings and reduce carbon emissions.
• Improve road safety, visibility, and reduce light pollution.
• Implement a Central Management System (CMS) for energy efficiency and adaptive lighting control.

Technology and Implementation

• LED Luminaires: Installed in a range of sizes (10–52 watts), with most using 36–44 watts.
• Adaptive Controls: Telensa sensors and CMS were used to allow dimming and trimming of lights based on traffic and pedestrian activity.
• Performance Standards: The project includes a "maintained Illuminance" warranty ensuring at least 85% of initial light output over the contract period.

Funding Sources

• Private Investment: £330 million (US$530 million) from Uberior Fund and Equitix Investment Fund.
• Government Support: £620 million (US$996 million) in PFI credits.
• Total Project Value: £2.7 billion (US$4.2 billion) over 25 years.

Public and Private Roles

• BCC: Retains oversight and final decision-making authority.
• Amey plc: Manages and maintains the infrastructure, including lighting, and is responsible for technology selection and performance.
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV): Created to manage the contract, with Amey plc holding a one-third stake.

Key Information

Lessons Learned

1. National Framework is Essential

• A well-established national PPP framework is crucial for the smooth implementation of such projects.
• In countries without such a framework, external technical assistance and strong guarantees are necessary to attract private investment.

2. Precision and Communication are Critical

• Detailed documentation of existing infrastructure is vital to minimize disputes.
• Clear communication channels and regular feedback mechanisms help manage conflicts and ensure alignment between public and private partners.

3. Periodic Technology Review is Beneficial

• The private sector should be required to periodically evaluate and refresh technologies used in the project.
• This allows for the adoption of newer, more efficient solutions as they become available, leading to greater energy savings and lower costs over time.

4. Public Oversight is Necessary

• Government oversight ensures transparency and accountability in the implementation of long-term contracts.
• A complete and up-to-date Geographic Information System (GIS) database helps avoid surprises during installation.

5. PPP Model is Attractive for Cash-Strapped Municipalities

• The model allows for long-term cost efficiency and risk transfer, which is particularly beneficial for cities facing financial constraints.
• It also supports the adoption of new technologies by shifting the risk burden to the private sector.

Conclusion

The Birmingham LED street lighting project demonstrates the effectiveness of the PPP model in modernizing public infrastructure, especially in large urban areas. By leveraging private capital, technology, and expertise, the city has been able to achieve significant energy savings and improve the quality of its public lighting system. The project also highlights the importance of a clear national framework, effective communication, and the need for continuous technology evaluation in ensuring long-term success and value for money.