2013年-世界发展银行全球_Philippines_-_The_KALAHI-CIDSS_Impact_Evaluation___A_Revised_Synthesis_Report_75页_1mb

Summary of KALAHI-CIDSS Impact Evaluation: A Revised Synthesis Report

Core Content

The KALAHI-CIDSS program, initiated in 2002 in the Philippines, aimed to reduce rural poverty by empowering local communities through a Community-Driven Development (CDD) approach. It focused on providing resources for public goods investment and reviving local institutions to enhance community participation in governance. The program targeted the poorest 25% of municipalities in the 42 poorest provinces and, by December 2010, had covered 4,583 Barangays (villages) across 200 municipalities, supporting 5,645 sub-projects worth PHP 5.7 billion (about USD 140 million) and benefiting approximately 1.26 million households.

Main Objectives

• Alleviate rural poverty
• Improve access to basic services
• Strengthen local governance and social capital
• Empower communities through participatory processes

Key Findings

1. Household Welfare

• Positive impact: Per capita consumption increased by about 12% overall and 19% for poor households.
• Poverty reduction: The probability of being classified as poor declined by 6 percentage points.
• Non-food share: Increased slightly, indicating a shift in consumption patterns.
• Labor force participation: Slightly improved, with a stronger effect on women.

2. Access to Basic Services

• Positive impact: Improved year-round road access by 9 percentage points.
• Negative impact: School enrollment decreased slightly, possibly due to low investment levels in sample Barangays.
• No impact: On access to improved water sources, sanitation, and health facilities.

3. Social Capital and Local Governance

• Positive impact: Increased willingness to contribute to community projects and trust in others' willingness to help.
• No impact: On other measures of social capital, such as group membership or trust in local/national officials.

Evaluation Methodology

• The evaluation used a rigorous impact assessment design, comparing treatment municipalities (those receiving KALAHI-CIDSS support) with control municipalities (similar ones without support).
• Data collection was done in 2003, 2006, and 2010, with baseline data collected in 2003 and endline data in early 2010.
• Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed, including:
  • Focus group discussions
  • Key informant interviews
  • Direct observations
  • Regression analysis

Key Design Features

• Community empowerment activity cycle (CEAC): A five-stage process that includes:

  1. Social Preparation Stage: Communities identify and prioritize their needs.
  2. Subproject Identification Stage: Community members are trained to design proposals.
  3. Subproject Preparation, Selection, and Approval: Municipal Inter-Barangay Forum selects proposals based on community-developed criteria.
  4. Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation: Community volunteers manage the implementation and report on fund usage.
  5. Transition Stage: Communities prepare for the next cycle of the CEAC.

• Funding mechanism: Annual grants of PHP 300,000 (about USD 7,400) per Barangay, allocated competitively.

• Community bank accounts: Funds flow directly from the DSWD into community accounts.

• Local counterpart contributions: Communities are required to contribute in cash or in-kind, enhancing resource mobilization.

Challenges and Areas for Improvement

• Sustainability: Ensuring long-term impacts after project completion is challenging.
• Water access: Despite significant investment, no impact on access to water systems was detected, possibly due to inadequate maintenance.
• Empowerment: While project volunteers were empowered, the broader citizenry was not as positively affected.
• Project expansion: The program is being expanded with additional funding from the Millennium Challenge Corporation and the World Bank.
• Poverty targeting: The program appears to have successfully avoided elite capture, targeting the poorest and most organized villages.

Conclusion

The KALAHI-CIDSS program has demonstrated positive impacts on household welfare and community engagement, particularly in infrastructure development and participation in local governance. However, it also faces challenges in sustaining these impacts and in improving access to certain services such as water and education. The evaluation highlights the importance of local involvement, community-driven processes, and adequate maintenance of public investments. Future improvements may include adjusting municipal allocations based on poverty levels and integrating project processes more closely with local planning cycles.

Key Tables and Indicators

References and Additional Information

• The program is a product of the World Bank Group and was supported by DSWD and the World Bank.
• The revised synthesis report includes findings from the original 2011 evaluation and incorporates corrections to earlier estimates.
• The evaluation was conducted in 16 municipalities across 4 provinces, with 2,400 households in the quantitative sample and 20 Barangays in the qualitative sample.

Final Notes

• The parallel trend hypothesis was not rejected, indicating that the control and treatment groups were comparable before the project.
• The impact evaluation is an important tool for informing future project revisions and scaling up efforts.
• The revised report reflects a more accurate understanding of the program's impact and limitations.