2004年-世界发展银行全球_Incidence_Analysis_of_Public_Support_to_the_Private_Education_Sector_in_Cote_dIvoire_32页_217kb

Summary of "Incidence Analysis of Public Support to the Private Education Sector in Côte d'Ivoire"

Core Content

This study examines the equity effects of public subsidies in the private education sector in Côte d'Ivoire, updating previous research and assessing the targeting efficiency of public spending. It uses data from the 1998 household survey, Enquête Niveau de Vie des Ménages, to analyze how education subsidies are distributed across different income quintiles and educational levels.

Main Findings

• Subsidy per student increases with income: Students from higher income quintiles receive more subsidies than those from lower quintiles. For example, students in the highest quintile receive more than twice the subsidy of those in the lowest quintile in private schools, and four times more in public schools.
• Progressivity of subsidies: Despite the regressive nature of per-student subsidies, the share of family education expenditure covered by subsidies declines with income. This indicates a progressive system, where lower-income families receive a larger proportion of their education costs covered by subsidies.
• Private schools are more progressive: The progressivity of subsidies is stronger in private schools than in public schools. This is attributed to the fact that private schools are often more accessible to lower-income families, even though they receive less per-student funding.
• High inequality in education access:
  • Gross enrollment ratios have been increasing since the 1950s, but disparities persist between urban and rural areas, and between boys and girls.
  • Primary enrollment is higher for boys than girls, and secondary enrollment is even more skewed toward boys.
  • Tertiary enrollment is heavily concentrated among the richest 20% of families, with over 90% of students coming from the top income quintile.
• Education spending is generally progressive: While public spending is not well-targeted, it is progressive overall, with the poorest quintile receiving a lower per capita subsidy compared to the wealthiest. However, gender disparities are evident, with girls receiving only about one-third of total education subsidies.
• Private schools are more expensive: Families of children in private schools spend slightly more than double the amount on education compared to those in public schools. The richest quintile spends 8 times more than the poorest on education.
• Subsidy coverage in private schools is more equitable: The percentage of family education expenditure covered by subsidies is higher for lower-income families in private schools compared to public schools, suggesting more effective targeting in the private sector.
• Private schools are more common in urban areas: Over 50% of private school students are in secondary or tertiary levels, while only 34% of public school students are at these levels. Girls are more likely to attend private schools than boys.
• Private schools are more accessible to low-income families: A higher proportion of children in private schools come from families where the head attended a private school (26%) compared to public schools (9%). These families also have higher income and expenditure than those in public schools.

Key Information

• Enrollment trends:

  • Primary enrollment increased from 1.9 million in 1991/92 to 2.4 million in 1997/98.
  • Secondary enrollment was stable in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
  • Tertiary enrollment increased five-fold between 1974 and the early 1990s.

• Subsidy structure:

  • Subsidies are based on fee levels and location (e.g., schools in Abidjan receive less than those outside).
  • The state subsidizes students attending private schools, especially in secondary and tertiary levels.
  • Subsidies are higher in public schools than in private schools, but private schools are more progressive in terms of coverage of family education costs.

• School types:

  • Religious schools, particularly Catholic schools, are perceived as higher quality due to better teacher recruitment and resources.
  • Private schools are more prevalent in urban areas and dominate the secondary level.
  • Secular schools are more common in primary and secondary education.

• Data sources:

  • The study uses household survey data from 1998 to analyze benefit incidence and distribution of subsidies.
  • Tables 1–9 provide detailed statistics on enrollment rates, family education expenditure, and subsidy per student across different quintiles and education levels.

Conclusion

The public subsidy system in Côte d'Ivoire is progressive in terms of family education expenditure coverage, but regressive in terms of per-student subsidies. While private schools are more equitably targeted in terms of subsidy coverage, they are also more expensive and less accessible to the poorest families. The study highlights the need for targeted subsidies to low-income students and schools that offer high-value education to improve equity in education access and outcomes.