世界银行-移民_利用东亚和太平洋地区的人力资本（英）-2025.1_164页_3mb

World Bank Report: Migration in East Asia and Pacific (EAP)

Summary

The East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region is experiencing rapid growth in migration, both within and outside the region. By 2020, the foreign-born population in EAP reached approximately 49.4 million, nearly tripling since 1990. Net immigration has been increasing, with 76.8% of immigrants in 2020 arriving from within EAP. Migration is primarily economic, driven by significant wage premiums both within and between countries.

The region has a substantial female migration component, particularly from middle-income countries (MICs) to high-income countries (HICs). Migration patterns increasingly include circular mobility and significant student flows. Despite policy efforts to leverage migration for economic development, irregular migration persists, especially in countries like Thailand and Malaysia, due to high migration costs, complex processes, and restrictive policies.

The increasing overlap between aging and labor-abundant countries underscores the importance of migration for sustaining economic growth. Origin countries (young) benefit through remittances, which boost household income and human capital development, and provide opportunities for skill upgrading. Destination countries (aging) face labor shortages, requiring more open migration policies aligned with labor market needs, such as skills partnerships and mutual recognition of qualifications to enhance brain gains.

Addressing migration costs, improving transparency in recruitment, enhancing migrant protection, and facilitating integration and reintegration are high priorities. Temporary admission, circular migration, and reverse knowledge flows also present opportunities. Multilateral cooperation and institutional reforms are essential to maximize net gains from migration.

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## Report Overview

This summary focuses on the main findings and recommendations from the World Bank's World Development Report 2023, emphasizing migration in the East Asia and Pacific region.