世界银行-吉布提人力资本审查（英）-112页_2mb

Djibouti Human Capital Review Summary

The 2022 Human Capital Index (HCI) for Djibouti is 0.41, indicating children born in 2022 achieve only 41% of their theoretical human capital potential by age 18. This deficit stems from poor child survival, low educational attainment, and health challenges.

Key Findings by Lifecycle Stage:

1. Early Childhood Development (ECD):

   • ECD outcomes are low and inequitable, exacerbated by limited access to health, nutrition, and educational services.
   • Preschool enrollment (13.2%) has doubled (2015–2021) but remains low; interventions focus on health, nutrition, and basic learning.
   • Constraints include insufficient public funding, fragmented services, and lack of data for effective planning.

2. Adolescence and Youth:

   • Girls face systemic barriers, including early marriage and lower educational participation, limiting their human capital accumulation.
   • Adolescent girls have an HCI of 0.40 vs. 0.41 for boys, highlighting gender disparities.
   • Labor force participation (32%) is low, with high youth unemployment (21% of the 15–24 age group) and limited employment opportunities.

3. Working Years:

   • Employment is heavily concentrated in public (43%) and informal sectors (47%), with a significant wage premium favoring public sector roles.
   • Female labor participation is low (12%), constrained by early marriage and societal norms.
   • Widespread informal employment hinders productivity, and rigid labor regulations limit hiring flexibility.

Recommendations:

• Increase ECD Investment: Expand access, coverage, and quality of services for young children, leveraging multisectoral collaboration.
• Empower Adolescent Girls: Promote life skills, reproductive health education, and delay marriage to enhance their contributions to the workforce.
• Reform Labor Markets: Reduce the public–private sector wage gap, improve vocational training, and enhance job matching with workforce skills.
• Strengthen Data Systems: Improve routine data collection and monitoring to track human capital progress, particularly in ECD, education, and health.

Cross-cutting themes include the need for fiscal space for social spending, gender-responsive policies, and climate resilience given Djibouti’s high vulnerability to climate shocks. Harnessing untapped human capital potential is critical for Djibouti’s sustainable growth and development.