深度-亚开行-孟买地铁改造交通：为公平、安全、清洁的城市做出贡献（英文）-2021.6-98页_10mb

Summary of "MUMBAI METRO TRANSFORMING TRANSPORT CONTRIBUTING TOWARD AN EQUITABLE, SAFER, AND CLEANER CITY"

Core Content

The document outlines the transformative role of the Mumbai Metro in improving the transport infrastructure of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), with a focus on creating an equitable, safer, and cleaner city. It provides an overview of the historical development of public transport in Mumbai, current challenges, and the projected benefits of the metro system. The report also highlights the financial sustainability of the project, lessons from other global metro systems, and the impact of the Mumbai Metro during the post-COVID-19 era.

Main Points

Transportation Challenges in Mumbai

• Mumbai faces extreme congestion on its existing transport modes, particularly the suburban railway and BEST buses.
• The current modal share of public transport in Mumbai has declined from 88% in 1991 to 65% in 2020.
• The suburban railway is one of the most crowded public transport systems globally, with trains carrying nearly 5,000 people per 9-coach train, far exceeding design capacity.
• Road congestion is at 97% in many parts of the city, leading to average speeds of 10–12 km/h.
• Mumbai is among the top 10 unsafe cities for road-based transport in India, with over 150,000 road-traffic deaths annually.

Mumbai Metro Master Plan

• The MMRDA plans to implement 337 km of metro lines by 2026, aiming to provide access to all parts of the MMR within 60 minutes.
• The project includes Lines 1 (already operational), 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 6, and 7, each at different stages of construction.
• The metro is expected to reduce congestion on roads and suburban trains and provide a transport capacity of over 12 million daily passengers.
• It will offer double the comfort of current systems, with a passenger density of six per square meter.

Equitable Access

• The metro is designed to provide equal access to all, especially the vulnerable groups such as low-income workers, women, and differently abled individuals.
• Features include women-only carriages, mobile applications for women's security, and facilities like nursing rooms, sanitary pad dispensers, and priority ticket counters.
• The differently abled will benefit from access ramps, escalators, elevators, and designated seats on trains and platforms.

Safety Enhancements

• The metro will reduce the risk of accidents and improve safety through features such as platform screen doors, closed train doors, and surveillance cameras.
• It will also mitigate the impact of monsoons, which cause frequent disruptions to road and rail transport due to waterlogging.
• The elevated and underground design of the metro will deter trespassing, which accounts for 82% of rail-related deaths.

Environmental Impact

• Mumbai is among the world’s most polluted cities, with an average annual $\mathsf{PM}_{2.5}$ level of 64 $\mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{m}^3$, more than three times the global average and six times the WHO safe limit.
• Transport emissions are expected to become the largest contributor to $\mathsf{PM}_{2.5}$ by 2030, increasing from 26% to 35%.
• The introduction of the Mumbai Metro is anticipated to reduce vehicle emissions by approximately 166,000 tons annually.

Financial Sustainability

• The MMRDA has secured a $926 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to support the project.
• The financial performance of Line 1 is noted, and projections for Lines 2 and 7 indicate potential for long-term financial viability.
• Alternate revenue streams such as real estate development are being explored to ensure financial sustainability.

Lessons from Other Metro Systems

• The Delhi Metro provides equal access to all, including industrial, commercial, and healthcare centers.
• The Manila Metro Rail Transit System offers a transport alternative in a densely populated and polluted city.
• The Rail $^+$$ Property model in Hong Kong demonstrates how integrated revenue models can support financial sustainability.

Post-COVID-19 Mobility

• The MMRDA plans to introduce a one-ticketing system across all transport modes, including metro, monorail, BEST buses, and suburban railways.
• This system will focus on contactless and seamless transit experiences.
• There is a focus on improving first- and last-mile connectivity using e-bikes, cycles, and other non-motorized transport options.

Key Information

• Population Growth and Distribution: Mumbai's population has grown significantly over the years, with most people now living in suburban areas.
• Current Transport Modes: Suburban rail accounts for 43% of the modal share, followed by BEST buses at 20%.
• Project Timeline: The MMRDA aims to complete all metro lines by 2026, with current progress on various lines.
• Environmental Benefits: The metro is expected to reduce $\mathsf{PM}_{2.5}$ levels and contribute to a cleaner city.
• Social Benefits: Improved access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for vulnerable groups.
• Safety Improvements: Reduction in road and rail fatalities through design and operational changes.
• Financial Support: ADB's $926 million loan is a key financial backing for the project.
• Equity and Inclusion: The metro is designed to be accessible and inclusive, with specific provisions for women and differently abled passengers.

Conclusion

The Mumbai Metro is a transformative project that aims to address the city's long-standing transportation challenges, improve safety and environmental conditions, and enhance the quality of life for all residents. It is envisioned to make Mumbai a more livable, equitable, and sustainable city by 2026, with a focus on integrated mobility solutions and inclusive design.