2021-05-31-亚开行-孟买地铁改造交通_为公平_安全_清洁的城市做出贡献（英文）_98页_10mb

Mumbai Metro: Transforming Transport for an Equitable, Safer, and Cleaner City

Core Content Overview

The Mumbai Metro is a large-scale infrastructure project aimed at transforming the transportation system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). It is designed to address the city's severe transportation challenges, including extreme congestion, high accident rates, and significant air pollution. The project is expected to improve the quality of life, safety, and environmental conditions for all residents, especially the vulnerable groups such as women, differently abled individuals, and low-income workers.

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) is leading the implementation of the project, with a goal of completing 337 kilometers of metro lines by 2026. This will provide accessibility and capacity for more than 12 million daily passengers, doubling the current capacity of the metro system and reducing the overcrowding that currently exists on suburban trains and buses.

Key Points

Current Transportation Challenges in Mumbai

• Population: Over 12.5 million people live in the MMR, with most jobs located in central Mumbai and most people residing in suburban areas.
• Congestion:
  • Suburban Rail: 12–18 persons per square meter during peak hours, which is far above the international standard of 6.
  • Road Congestion: 97% in various parts of the city, with average vehicle speeds of 10–12 km/h.
• Safety Issues:
  • Road Accidents: Over 150,000 deaths annually in India, with Mumbai being one of the top 10 unsafe cities.
  • Railway Accidents: Over 11 deaths per day on the Mumbai suburban rail network in the 5-year period ending in 2015.
  • Main Causes: Trespassing (82%) and falling from moving trains (18%).
• Environmental Impact:
  • Air Pollution: Mumbai ranks among the top 5 most polluted cities globally with 64 μg/m³ of PM₂.₅, which is 3.5 times the world average and 6.4 times the WHO safe limit.
  • PM₂.₅ Sources: Industrial Emissions (42%) and Transport Emissions (26%), with transport expected to become the largest contributor by 2030 (35%).

Mumbai Metro Master Plan

• Coverage: The project aims to provide better accessibility and reduced travel time for residents, with the goal of reaching any part of the MMR within 60 minutes.
• Lines: Currently, Line 1 is operational, while Lines 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 6, and 7 are under various stages of construction.
• Expected Benefits:
  • Safety: Elevated or underground tracks to prevent trespassing, platform screen doors to reduce accidental falls, and closed doors on trains to prevent people from hanging outside.
  • Accessibility: Improved access for women and differently abled individuals with features like women-only carriages, surveillance cameras, sanitary pad dispensers, separate ticket counters, access ramps, and dedicated seating.
  • Environmental Impact: The metro is expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 166,000 tons per year and lower PM₂.₅ levels by reducing reliance on private vehicles.

Financial Sustainability

• Line 1 Performance: The financial performance of Line 1 is well-documented, showing a positive revenue model.
• Lines 2 and 7: Financial projections indicate a steady growth in revenue and operating expenditure.
• Alternate Revenue Sources: The MMRDA is exploring value-capture financing and real estate development to ensure financial sustainability.

Lessons from Other Metro Systems

• Delhi Metro: Provides equal access to all parts of the city, especially industrial and commercial centers.
• Manila Metro Rail Transit System: Offers a transport alternative in a densely populated and polluted city.
• Hong Kong's Rail + Property Model: Demonstrates financial sustainability through real estate revenue and public-private partnerships.

Public Transportation in the COVID-19 Era

• One-Ticketing System: MMRDA plans to implement an integrated ticketing system that covers all transport modes, including metros, monorail, BEST buses, app-based cars, and suburban railways.
• Contactless Ticketing: Focuses on seamless and safe travel experiences.
• Multi-Modal Integration: Improves first- and last-mile connectivity using e-bikes, autos, taxis, and cycles.

Conclusion

The Mumbai Metro is not just a transport solution but a transformational project that aims to reshape Mumbai into a modern, clean, and livable city. It is expected to reduce congestion, improve safety, and lower pollution levels, while also promoting equity and economic development. The project is supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which has provided a $926 million loan to aid in its development.

The value for money framework is used to evaluate the project, ensuring that it delivers social, economic, and environmental benefits to the public. The MMRDA is committed to transparent and responsive governance, and is working closely with government agencies and development partners to ensure the project's success.

Key Statistics

• Current Metro Coverage: Only 0.5 operational km per million people in Mumbai, compared to 12 in Delhi.
• Daily Passengers: Over 8 million use public transport daily.
• PM₂.₅ Levels: 64 μg/m³, far exceeding the WHO safe limit of 10 μg/m³.
• Projected PM₂.₅ Reduction: Expected from the shift of passengers from private vehicles to the metro.
• Target Completion Year: 2026 for all 337 km of metro lines.

Final Thoughts

The Mumbai Metro is a key component of the city's future development, addressing transportation, safety, and environmental concerns. It is a model for equitable and sustainable urban mobility and is expected to improve the quality of life for all residents of the MMR.