2024-06-12-UNEP_FI-2024年全球废物管理展望报告_116页_6mb

报告摘要

Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Key Summary

Introduction & Definitions

MWGM Title: "Beyond an Age of Waste – Turning Rubbish into a Resource" (UNEP 2024).
Focus: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) includes household, commercial, and institutional waste. Other wastes (e.g., agricultural, healthcare, industrial) are distinct.
Core Message: Moving towards a circular economy and zero-waste is essential for mitigating climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, ensuring environmental justice and economic efficiency.

Current State (2020 Baseline)

Generation: Over 2.1 billion tonnes (2.1 GT) of MSW generated globally in 2020. Projections indicate ~3.8 billion tonnes (56% increase) by 2050 if current trends continue.
Composition: Varies by region (e.g., high plastic/tin in North America, high food waste in Africa).
Management:
- Coll collection Coverage: ~75% globally. Large disparities exist; e.g., ~44% in Northern/Eastern Europe vs. ~37% in Central/South Asia/ Sub-Saharan Africa. ~2.7 billion tonnes not collected (OECD estimate).
- Methods: Landfilling (~62%), waste-to-energy (~13%), recycling (~19%), uncontrolled disposal (~38%).
- Challenges: Infrastructure gaps, financial hurdles, lack of data (especially gender-disaggregated), weak enforcement, lack of inclusivity.

Environmental Impacts & Costs (2020)

Pollution: Direct health impacts (e.g., diarrhoea, malaria, cancer, heart disease) affect millions, particularly in low-income countries. Open dumping attracts vermin, blocks drains, causes flooding & groundwater contamination.
Climate: Methane from landfills/dumpsites (accounting for ~40% of global black carbon emissions) and CO2 from burning/transport is significant. Mismanagement's hidden/external costs are huge (~$243B in 2020), almost doubling direct management costs.
Ecology: Waste-related pollution harms biodiversity, ecosystems, and contributes to climate change impacts.

Key Waste Management Strategies

Waste Hierarchy: Prevention (most effective) > Reuse > Recycling > Recovery (Energy/WTE) > Disposal.
Recycling: Crucial environmental benefit; however, effectiveness hindered by inadequate collection/quality.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE): Disputed role; potential controversy regarding displacement of recycling and environmental/climate impacts (controversial).
Landfilling: Reduction target achievable through prioritizing reuse/recovery.
Sanitary Landfills: Mitigation potential exists through landfill gas capture.

Future Scenarios

WMU (Business as Usual): Waste continues unabatedly; impacts worsen significantly. ~3.8 GT by 2050.
WUC (Moderate Transition): Reduce prevention/management gap; stabilize waste levels. ~3.78 GT by 2050.
CE (Circular Economy): Resource efficiency supremo; stabilize even while reducing energy/WTE use; ~3.78 GT by 2050 (recycling rate peaks).
Geographic Focus: Unsustainable growth mainly occurs in Africa, Asia, Central & South America.

Barriers to Change

Complex Problem: Interplay of technology, policy, finance, data, social/cultural factors.
Lack of Recognition/Urgency: 77% of NDCs do not explicitly mention waste. Missed opportunity for climate mitigation.
Data Gap: Inconsistent methodologies and poor accessibility, especially for low-income countries.
Inadequate Inclusion: Women/gender differentials not prioritized; informal sector undercounted/undervalued. GDP-centric approaches limit circularity.
Lack of Enablement: Weak legislation/enforcement, poor financing models, technological inappropriateness.
Market & Financial Hurdles: Toxic waste trade, revenue shortfalls for municipalities, polluter not paying consistently.

Informal Waste Sector

Includes collection, sorting, recycling, disposal – vital for resource recovery and waste reduction.
Provides livelihoods for millions (e.g.,~40% in some nations), but faces precarious conditions.
Neglected: Undervalued, centralization risks social displacement.

Waste as a Resource

Prevention (avoiding waste) > Circular/R zero-waste design > Proper management as a resource.
Recycling reduces environmental burden and climate impact.

Needed Actions

National Governments: Prioritize waste prevention in policy, integrate waste in NDCs, invest in R&D for circular systems, regulate effectively, protect waste worker rights.
Municipalities: Improve service delivery, prioritize prevention, value resource recovery.
Producers/Retailers: Adopt circular models, Phase circular economy action into policy, pursue reuse/refill programs.
Waste Sector: Apply circular principles, leverage expertise, engage communities.
Citizens: Practice conscious consumerism, reduce household waste, support circular businesses, segregate waste.

Conclusion

A just, inclusive, circular transition is essential for mitigating the waste crisis with speed and scale, essential for planetary and human health. Unequivocal yet equitable political will is needed now.

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