2025-02-23-OECD-2025年可持续发展融资全球展望（英）_225页_3mb

Summary of Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2025

Core Content

The Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2025: Towards a More Resilient and Inclusive Architecture is a comprehensive report published by the OECD to support the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Sustainable Development (FfD4), which will take place in Seville in 2025. The report provides an in-depth analysis of global trends and challenges in financing for sustainable development (FSD), emphasizing the need for a more resilient and inclusive financial architecture to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

Main Trends and Challenges

1. Global Financing Gaps and Debt Pressures

• Total FSD financing increased from USD 4.31 trillion in 2015 to USD 5.24 trillion in 2022, but annual SDG financing needs rose by 36% to USD 9.24 trillion in 2022.
• If the current gap continues to grow at the 2015–2023 rate, it will reach USD 6.4 trillion by 2030.
• Low-income countries (LICs) have fallen further behind high-income countries (HICs) in closing the gap, with a 1.1% annual decline in convergence.
• Debt burdens have increased, with 24 countries facing high debt distress in 2024, up from 16 in 2015.

2. Geopolitical Tensions and Economic Sanctions

• Geoeconomic tensions, trade fragmentation, and economic sanctions have worsened conditions for developing countries.
• The global economy has shown resilience since the pandemic, but long-term growth remains weak, with forecasts for 2029 at 3.1%, the lowest in decades.

3. Climate and Pandemic Impacts

• Climate financing needs are projected to more than quadruple by 2030.
• Pandemic-related expenditures have exhausted public budgets in developing countries, contributing to debt crises.

Key Areas of Focus

1. Domestic Public Resources

• Tax-to-GDP ratios in LICs remain below the 15% threshold, hindering public service provision.
• Efforts to increase tax revenues, improve transparency, and build taxation capacity are essential.
• The OECD supports these efforts through the Tax Inspectors Without Borders initiative.

2. Private Business and Finance

• Financial flows to developing countries have increased by 22% since 2015, but they remain insufficient.
• Remittance costs remain high at 6.4%, double the SDG target of 3%, causing USD 16 billion in annual losses.
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to ODA-eligible countries have remained relatively stable (USD 335 billion in 2022).
• Initiatives like the African Virtual Investment Platform and the FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit are being developed to improve FDI quality and access.

3. International Development Co-operation

• Official Development Assistance (ODA) reached USD 223 billion in 2023 (USD 194 billion in 2015 constant prices), up by 48% from 2015.
• ODA needs to be better aligned with development priorities and improve transparency and accountability.
• The OECD promotes collaboration through the Global Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation.

4. International Trade

• Trade is a key driver for development, but the global trade finance gap persists.
• Aid for Trade disbursements and commitments have increased since 2002, but more is needed to support sustainable growth.

5. Debt and Debt Sustainability

• Sovereign debt in default has risen, and many countries exceed debt service-to-revenue thresholds.
• The Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) and other measures are critical to improving debt sustainability.

6. Systemic Issues

• Systemic barriers, such as inequality, climate change, and financial fragmentation, require coordinated global action.
• The report highlights the need for policy coherence and inclusive governance to address these challenges effectively.

7. Science, Technology, Innovation and Capacity-building

• Investment in research and development (R&D) remains low in many developing countries.
• The promotion of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) and digital connectivity is essential for sustainable development.
• Strengthening national capacity for innovation and technology transfer is a key priority.

Recommendations

1. Renew the Financing Framework

   • Focus on meaningful and politically feasible outcomes.
   • Reform international development co-operation platforms to enhance inclusivity and collaboration.
   • Clarify and ringfence the definition of ODA and improve coordination among stakeholders.

2. Align the Framework with the Post-2025 Agenda

   • Address the "negative feedback loops" that perpetuate crises like climate change and debt accumulation.
   • Accelerate the reallocation of global assets (USD 461 trillion in 2022) to close SDG financing gaps.
   • Identify new financing resources and levers, such as debt-for-nature swaps and green finance reforms.

3. Strengthen Monitoring and Accountability

   • Implement a robust monitoring framework to ensure transparency and accountability.
   • Use the updated Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) to empower countries in designing and implementing development strategies.

Conclusion

The Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2025 serves as a critical reference for policymakers and negotiators ahead of the FfD4 Conference. It underscores the urgency of addressing systemic challenges and the need for a more inclusive and resilient financial architecture to achieve the SDGs by 2030. The report calls for a renewed global commitment to sustainable development financing, emphasizing the importance of policy coherence, innovation in financial tools, and enhanced international cooperation.