2015年-世界发展银行全球_Climate_and_Disaster_Resilience_of_Greater_Dhaka_Area___A_Micro_Level_Analysis_92页_1mb

Summary of Climate and Disaster Resilience of Greater Dhaka Area: A Micro Level Analysis

Core Content

This document presents a micro-level analysis of the climate and disaster resilience of the Greater Dhaka Area using the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI). The study was conducted by Sarwar Jahan, a World Bank Consultant and Professor at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), as part of a broader World Bank-supported project on Urban Flooding in Greater Dhaka under a Changing Climate. The findings aim to support strategic planning and policy formulation by identifying resilience levels across different zones and wards, and highlighting areas of vulnerability and opportunities for improvement.

Main Points

1. Context and Importance of the Study

• Dhaka, a megacity in Bangladesh, is highly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters due to its geographical location, low topography, monsoon climate, and complex river systems.
• Despite Bangladesh's low contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, its high population density, poverty, and unfavorable geophysical conditions make it extremely susceptible to climate-related impacts.
• Floods and water-logging are recurrent issues, especially during the monsoon season, affecting critical infrastructure, residential areas, and economic activities.

2. Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI)

• The CDRI is a planning tool developed by the Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative at Kyoto University.
• It evaluates climate disaster resilience using five key dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural.
• Each dimension has five parameters, and each parameter includes five variables.
• The CDRI score is calculated using the Weighted Mean Index (WMI) method, which involves assigning weights to variables based on their relevance and importance.
• The study area is divided into seven drainage zones for a detailed micro-level analysis.

3. Study Area Description

• The study covers 350 square kilometers of the Greater Dhaka Area, including:
  • Western Part: 136 km² (most built-up and densely populated)
  • Eastern Part: 124 km² (exposed to river flooding)
  • DND Area: 57 km² (irrigation project area)
  • Narayanganj: 33 km² (mainly suffers from urban flooding)
• The Western part is protected by an embankment system, while the Eastern part is at risk from Balu River flooding.
• Narayanganj is a key area affected by urban flooding, and the DND area is drained by canals and pumps.

4. Dimensions of CDRI

Physical Dimension

• Electricity, water, sanitation, road accessibility, housing and land use are key components.
• Poor drainage and land use changes (e.g., filling of canals) contribute to increased vulnerability.

Social Dimension

• Population characteristics, health, education and awareness, social capital, and community preparedness are assessed.
• Informal settlers, population density, and access to health facilities are critical variables.

Economic Dimension

• Income, employment, household assets, finance and savings, budget and subsidies are evaluated.
• Informal sector employment, child labor, and poverty levels are key indicators of economic vulnerability.

Institutional Dimension

• Disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) integration, crisis management frameworks, knowledge dissemination, institutional collaboration, and good governance are considered.
• Weaknesses in governance, lack of community participation, and inadequate early warning systems are noted.

Natural Dimension

• Natural hazards (floods), ecosystem services (water bodies), land use patterns, and environmental policies are analyzed.
• Urban green space (UGS) and land use changes are important factors affecting natural resilience.

5. Key Findings and Implications

• Spatial variations in resilience are significant across different zones and wards.
• Weaknesses in physical infrastructure, social preparedness, economic stability, and institutional capacity were identified.
• The study provides hazard and vulnerability maps, which are useful for targeted interventions and area-specific planning.
• Integration of disaster management with urban development plans is recommended to improve climate resilience.
• Private land development and urban expansion are increasing pressure on open spaces and low-lying areas, worsening flooding and water-logging issues.

Key Information

• The study was supported by the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF).
• It involved survey data collection at ward and thana levels.
• The CDRI framework emphasizes processes and functions of systems (e.g., governance, community participation) rather than just assets.
• Data quality is a crucial factor in the accuracy of CDRI results.
• The analysis of inter-zonal variations helps in policy formulation and targeted adaptation strategies.

Policy Options

• Physical: Improve drainage systems, rehabilitate canals, and protect low-lying areas.
• Social: Enhance community awareness, health infrastructure, and participation in decision-making.
• Economic: Support poverty reduction, alternative livelihoods, and financial preparedness.
• Institutional: Strengthen disaster management plans, governance systems, and institutional collaboration.
• Natural: Preserve urban green space, enhance ecosystem services, and implement environmental policies.

Conclusion

The CDRI analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of climate and disaster resilience in Greater Dhaka, highlighting the need for micro-level planning and targeted interventions. It underscores the importance of integrating DRR and CCA into urban development strategies to enhance the city's ability to respond to and recover from climate-related disasters.