2016年-世界发展银行全球_Migration_and_Remittances_Factbook_2016_Third_Edition_299页_2mb

Summary of Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016

Core Content

The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 is a comprehensive report that provides data and analysis on international migration and remittances for 214 countries and territories, as well as 15 country groups. It is part of the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) initiative, aimed at improving understanding and policy-making related to migration and development. The report uses publicly available and authoritative data to highlight key trends and statistics.

Main Points

Global Migration and Remittances Overview

• International Migrants: As of 2013, more than 247 million people, or 3.4 percent of the global population, live outside their countries of birth. This number is expected to surpass 251 million by 2015.
• Top Migrant Destination Countries: The United States is the largest recipient of migrants, followed by Saudi Arabia, Germany, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Spain, and Australia.
• South-South Migration: Accounts for 38% of the total migrant stock, surpassing South-North migration (34%).
• Refugees: In 2014, there were 14.4 million refugees, or 6% of international migrants. Most refugees are hosted by developing countries, with Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Chad, and Uganda being the top host countries. Syria was the largest source country of refugees.
• Remittances: In 2015, global remittance flows exceeded $601 billion, with developing countries receiving about $441 billion, which is three times the amount of official development assistance. The true size of remittances is believed to be even larger due to unrecorded flows.

Top Remittance-Receiving and -Sending Countries

• Top Recipients (2015): India, China, the Philippines, Mexico, and France received the most recorded remittances.
• Top Recipients as a % of GDP: Smaller countries like Tajikistan (42%), Kyrgyz Republic (30%), Nepal (29%), Tonga (28%), and Moldova (26%) received the highest share of remittances relative to their GDP.
• Top Senders (2014): The United States was the largest remittance sender, followed by Saudi Arabia, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait. The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries accounted for $98 billion in outward remittances.

Regional Highlights

• Sub-Saharan Africa and Pacific Island Countries: These regions have the highest remittance costs, with over 20% of the cost to send $200.
• Regional Trends (2015):
  • A sharp decline in remittances from Russia to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) due to economic slowdown and currency depreciation.
  • A rebound in Latin America, especially in Mexico and Central America, following the U.S. economic recovery.
  • Continued growth in South Asia despite low oil prices in the GCC.
  • Stagnant growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Remittance Cost and Target

• The average global cost of sending $200 was close to 8% in 2015, far above the 3% target set in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Key Information

• Data Sources: The report draws on data from national censuses, labor force surveys, population registers, and the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI). It also includes data from the UN Population Division, UNHCR, and the IMF.
• Data Definitions:
  • Migrants: Defined as persons who move to another country for at least one year (long-term) or three months to one year (short-term), excluding those moving for temporary purposes such as tourism or religious pilgrimage.
  • Remittances: According to the IMF's BPM6, remittances include "compensation of employees" and "personal transfers." "Capital transfers between households" are also part of the definition but often missing due to data limitations.
• Country Classification Changes:
  • The report uses the World Bank's 2016 income classification, which categorizes countries based on GNI per capita.
  • Several countries, including Argentina, Bangladesh, and Kenya, changed their income classification from low to middle-income between 2011 and 2016.
• Diaspora Data:
  • The report includes data on the second generation diaspora, focusing on Australia, the United States, and Western Europe.
  • Definitions of "second generation" vary by region, with the OECD and Eurostat using different criteria.

Limitations and Challenges

• Data Gaps: Migration and remittance data are often missing, lagging, or inconsistent due to varying definitions and reporting practices.
• Informal Flows: Estimating informal remittances is particularly challenging, as they are not captured in formal statistics.
• Disaggregation: Data are not always collected or reported in a way that allows for meaningful disaggregation by migratory status or other relevant factors.

Conclusion

The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 serves as an essential tool for understanding global migration and remittance trends. It highlights the significant role of remittances in development, particularly in developing countries, and underscores the need for more accurate and comprehensive data collection. The report also emphasizes the importance of improving data quality and harmonization to better inform policy decisions and support sustainable development goals.