2025-02-09-世界银行-加强欧盟交通脱碳（英）_76页_3mb

Enhancing Transport Decarbonization in the European Union: Executive Summary

Introduction
The European Union (EU) has set ambitious targets to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, with a specific goal to reduce transport-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 90% from 1990 levels. Despite existing policies and regulations, transport emissions in the EU remain 26% higher than in 1990 (2022 data), making it the only major sector where emissions are still increasing. Road transport accounts for 73% of these emissions. This report identifies key areas and recommendations to accelerate transport decarbonization.

Key Challenges

1. Growing Transport Demand: Passenger and freight transport activity is expected to rise, requiring a shift toward energy-efficient and low-carbon modes.
2. Uneven Technology Adoption: EV adoption is higher in Western Europe, while Eastern member states face affordability and infrastructure challenges.
3. Financing Gaps: Decarbonization requires substantial upfront investment, limiting progress in member states with constrained public budgets.
4. Structural Barriers: Issues like inefficient rail freight modal share, high trucking emissions, and geopolitical tensions in supply chains hinder progress.

Priority Areas

1. Zero-Emission Road Transport:

   • Accelerate electrification of passenger cars, buses, and trucks through incentives, fleet mandates, and de-risking mechanisms for investments.
   • Address affordability via tax reforms targeting larger/luxury vehicles and incentives for smaller EVs.

2. Sustainable Urban Mobility:

   • Integrate land use and transport planning to reduce car dependency and promote public transport, cycling, and walking.
   • Mobilize private capital through public-private partnerships (PPPs) and innovative financing like land value capture (LVC).

3. Rail Sector Enhancement:

   • Increase rail modal share by 23% in freight and 9% in passenger transport by 2050 through infrastructure investment and digitalization.
   • Explore cross-border governance models and EU-level control for capacity allocation.

Cross-Cutting Recommendations

1. Leverage the Private Sector:
   • Use concessions, PPPs, and performance-based models to attract private investment in electrification, charging infrastructure, and urban mobility.
2. De-Risking Mechanisms:
   • Introduce partial credit guarantees, viability gap funding, and credit enhancements for critical investments (e.g., zero-emission trucks).
3. Condition EU Funds:
   • Link EU funding to targets such as modal shifts, GHG reductions, and private capital co-investment.
4. Climate Finance and EU ETS:
   • Develop carbon credit systems for rail projects and integrate Results-Based Climate Financing (RBCF) into transport investments.

Conclusion
Transport decarbonization in the EU requires a paradigm shift toward innovative financing, private sector engagement, and smarter policy design. Addressing equity, affordability, and regional disparities is crucial for achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Collaboration between EU, national, and local levels, along with targeted incentives, will drive sustainable transport solutions.