2016年-世界发展银行全球_Sustainable_Urban_Transport_for_Kyiv___Towards_a_Sustainable_and_Competitive_City_Built_Upon_the_Legacy_System_and_Innovations_83页_6mb

Summary of Sustainable Urban Transport for Kyiv

Core Content

This report, WB Report No.107108, provides an in-depth analysis of Kyiv's public transport system and proposes a series of optimization strategies to improve its efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness. The work is supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF). It outlines the current state of Kyiv's transport network, identifies key challenges, and presents actionable recommendations for enhancing urban mobility.

Main Viewpoints

• Kyiv has a relatively dense and well-connected public transport network, with 94% of its population living within 400 meters of a transit stop.
• The city's metro system is efficient and moves over 1.5 million passengers daily, while the trolleybus fleet is modern and powered by domestic electricity.
• The minibus ("marshrutka") services, though popular for their direct connections, are inefficient due to duplication, fragmentation, and outdated vehicle standards.
• The lack of infrastructure investment and regulatory oversight has led to poor operational performance, congestion, and environmental degradation.
• Public transport is heavily subsidized, leading to cost recovery issues and reduced incentives for maintenance and modernization.
• There is a need for integrated transport planning, better data collection, and modernization of fare structures and service provision.

Key Information

Current Public Transport Overview

• Population: 2,847,200 (as of 2013 census), making Kyiv the 8th largest city in Europe.
• Geography: Covers over 835 km², with high population density in certain districts like Troyeshchyna, Darnyts'kyi, and Obolon.
• Transport Modes: Includes metro, trolleybus, bus, tram, and private marshrutka services.
• Marshrutka Services: Account for 56% of all routes and carry 24% of daily public transport passengers. They are mostly old, polluting vehicles operating at EURO II emission standards.
• Fares: Public transport fares are relatively low, with 50% of passengers not paying the full fare, leading to significant cost recovery challenges.

Institutional and Financial Challenges

• Planning Coordination: There is a lack of coordination between Kyiv City State Administration (KCSA) and other local entities, as well as with neighboring municipalities.
• Regulatory Weaknesses: The regulation of private marshrutka operators is minimal, leading to inconsistent service quality and enforcement issues.
• Funding: Public transport receives about 6% of Kyiv's total budget for operating subsidies, which may hinder investment in infrastructure and rolling stock.

Optimization Proposals

Three optimization scenarios were developed:

• Scenario A (Short Term):

  • Introduces 16 new strategic routes.
  • Modifies 38 existing routes.
  • Deletes 107 routes.
  • Retains 168 routes, resulting in 222 routes overall.
  • Focuses on low-cost adjustments to improve the Volume Capacity Ratio (VCR) during peak times.

• Scenario B (Medium Term):

  • Adds 3 new routes.
  • Upgrades 6 bus routes to trolleybus.
  • Modifies 8 routes.
  • Deletes 10 routes.
  • Retains 198 routes from Scenario A, totaling 215 routes.
  • Requires infrastructure investment in signals, segregated bus lanes, and trolleybus catenary extensions.

• Scenario C (Long Term):

  • Identifies 8 potential mass transit corridors for BRT, LRT, or Rapid Tram.
  • Predicts the ability to carry 1.14 million passengers daily.
  • Offers higher capacity but at significantly higher costs.
  • Suggests using trolleybuses for BRT lines to leverage local electricity sources.

Projected Impacts

• Passenger Load: Up to a 44% increase in average passengers per vehicle kilometer and a 25% increase in daily average passenger numbers.
• Energy Efficiency: Up to a 25% reduction in energy consumption and a 12% reduction in the number of vehicles needed.
• Accessibility: Improvements of 30–50% in accessibility for key areas like Khreshchatyk, Troyeshchyna, and the Viradny Industrial Area.
• Cost Reduction: A 15% reduction in annual operational costs, estimated at a net saving of UAH 348 million or USD 14.67 million.
• Transfers: A 9% reduction in the average number of transfers per trip, from 1.6 to 1.47.
• Environmental Impact: A 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, equivalent to 38,700 tons of CO₂ annually.
• Pollution Reduction: A projected reduction of 883 tons of nitrogen oxides and 29 tons of particulates annually.

Implementation Considerations

• Conduct detailed cost-benefit analysis and feasibility studies for new or modified routes.
• Improve the Kyiv transport model through better calibration, travel cost data, and peak-hour modeling.
• Support ongoing data collection to monitor the impact of changes.
• Engage in social research and stakeholder consultations to gather public input.
• Adopt a phased, corridor-based approach to integrate transport reforms with land-use planning.
• Establish off-street parking controls to reduce congestion in bus lanes and interchanges.
• Create mechanisms for scrapping old marshrutka vehicles to prevent their re-emergence.
• Implement driver and mechanic re-training programs to support affected workers.
• Explore franchising models to promote healthy competition in the public transport sector.
• Consider zonal fare systems based on distance traveled to improve affordability and revenue.

Conclusion

The proposed optimization strategies aim to improve the efficiency, capacity, and sustainability of Kyiv's public transport system. These plans are grounded in evidence-based analysis and are designed to align with the city's future land use and mobility needs. The focus is on short to medium-term interventions that can be implemented with relatively lower investment, while also considering long-term mass transit options for greater scalability and environmental benefits. The report highlights the importance of institutional coordination, regulatory reform, and data-driven planning in achieving sustainable urban transport in Kyiv.