2024-2025年全球建筑和建筑业状况报告_93页_28mb

Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025

The global buildings sector accounts for approximately 34% of energy-related CO₂ emissions and 32% of energy demand (IEA, 2024a). Despite some progress, the sector remains significantly off track to align with net zero carbon and climate resilience targets by 2050.

Key Findings

• Emissions: In 2023, building operations emitted 9.8 gigatonnes of CO₂, and embodied carbon accounted for 2.9 gigatonnes. Overall emissions increased by 5.4% since 2015, far from the required 28% reduction by 2030.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy intensity decreased by 9.5% (still short of the 18.2% target), and investments in energy efficiency fell by 7% in 2023 to $270 billion.
• Renewables: The renewable energy share in buildings' final energy demand grew by 4.5 percentage points to 17%, below the 17.8-point goal. Onsite renewable generation accounted for 6% of total energy demand.
• Building Codes: Only 19 countries and 2 G20 nations have detailed strategies for zero-carbon buildings, far below the required 44 G20 countries and 50 additional countries by 2030.

Challenges

1. Outdated Building Codes: G20 countries must adopt mandatory zero-carbon building energy codes by 2028, and all countries must have such codes by 2035.
2. Slow Retrofits: The retrofit rate of existing buildings stands at 1% per year, needing to triple to 5–10% by 2030.
3. Financing Gaps: Global investment in building decarbonization needs to double to $522 billion by 2030, but current levels are only $270 billion.
4. Embodied Carbon: High-carbon materials (e.g., steel, cement) contribute 18% of global building-related CO₂ emissions. G20 countries must incorporate embodied carbon limits into building codes by 2030.

Recommendations

• Strengthen building codes and enforcement mechanisms.
• Scale retrofit programs and renewable energy adoption, targeting 19% onsite renewable energy by 2030.
• Enhance green financing and incentivize private investments.
• Integrate whole-life carbon accounting into building standards.
• Promote circular economy practices and gender equity in the construction workforce.

The Buildings Breakthrough Agenda and Chaillot Declaration provide frameworks for international collaboration, but progress is limited due to the short timeline since their launch.

Special thanks to UNEP’s funding partners for supporting the report. The full methodology and indicator details are available in the annex.