低排放煤炭技术将对亚洲净零转型起关键作用（英）-IEA-218页_9mb

报告摘要

Summary of "The Role of Low Emission Coal Technologies in a Net Zero Asian Future"

Core Content

This report, authored by Greg Kelsall and Paul Baruya for the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Coal Industry Advisory Board (CIAB), explores the role of low emission coal technologies (LECT) in achieving a net zero emissions (NZE) future in Asia. It emphasizes that while coal is often viewed as a contributor to climate change, it remains a critical energy source for many Asian countries due to its affordability and availability. Therefore, the transition to NZE must include the deployment of advanced coal technologies that significantly reduce emissions.

Main Points

1. Net Zero Emissions in Asia

Asia is home to over 60% of the world's population and accounts for more than half of global CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels.
Coal provides 57% of the region's electricity and is expected to remain important for decades due to its low cost and reliability.
Achieving NZE in Asia requires a strategic approach that includes LECT rather than an immediate phase-out of coal.

2. CCUS: Key to Transition

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) is essential for reducing emissions from coal and gas in hard-to-abate sectors such as steel and cement production, as well as for new industries like hydrogen and ammonia.
CCUS is already in commercial operation in 30 large-scale facilities globally, capturing around 40 MtCO₂/year.
Asia, particularly China, should be a focus for the expansion of CCUS due to its large coal reserves and energy demand.

3. Low Emission Coal Technologies

High Efficiency, Low Emissions (HELE) ultrasupercritical (USC) power plants are recommended for all new large coal units.
Improving the efficiency of existing coal plants can significantly reduce CO₂ and other pollutant emissions.
Alternative technologies like supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) cycles and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) offer higher efficiency and better compatibility with carbon capture.

4. Cofiring with Low Carbon Fuels

Cofiring coal with biomass, ammonia, and hydrogen can reduce GHG emissions.
Biomass cofiring is being supported by policies in China, Japan, and Indonesia.
Ammonia can be produced from fossil fuels with CCUS or via water electrolysis, offering a low-emission alternative for power generation.

5. Industrial Applications of LECT

Steel, cement, and aluminium industries in Asia are heavily reliant on coal, making LECT critical for their decarbonisation.
BECCS (Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage) is a promising approach for achieving negative emissions in the steel and cement sectors.
CCUS can also be applied to coal gasification processes to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG) and hydrogen.

6. Hydrogen Production from Coal

Coal can be a source of hydrogen production, especially when combined with CCUS.
Examples include the Sinopec Qilu and Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC) projects in Australia.
Hydrogen can be stored and transported, making it a viable option for decarbonising energy and industry sectors.

7. Challenges in Asia

Asian countries face unique challenges in achieving NZE due to their growing populations, economies, and urbanisation.
The energy trilemma (security, affordability, sustainability) remains a significant factor in the region's energy strategy.
A portfolio approach combining various technologies, including CCUS, HELE, cofiring, and hydrogen, is necessary for a balanced and sustainable energy transition.

8. Policy and Financial Support

Tax credits, carbon pricing, and capital grants are important drivers for the deployment of CCUS.
State-owned enterprises and debt/equity financing can play a crucial role in funding CCUS projects.
Regulatory frameworks and incentives are essential to support the commercial roll-out of LECT.

Key Technologies and Strategies

CCUS: Necessary for hard-to-abate sectors and new industries.
HELE USC: Recommended for new coal plants to improve efficiency and enable carbon capture.
Biomass and Ammonia Cofiring: Reduces emissions and offers a cost-effective alternative.
sCO₂ Power Cycles: Promise higher efficiency and lower costs for power generation.
Fuel Cells: Integration into IGCC systems can further enhance efficiency.
Digitalisation: Helps in monitoring and optimising power plant operations for sustainability.

Regional Case Studies

China: Leading in CCUS and hydrogen projects, with a large coal fleet and significant emissions.
India: Faces challenges in energy access and emissions, with a focus on upgrading coal plants.
Indonesia: Has a growing energy demand and is exploring cofiring and CCUS.
Vietnam: Increasing coal use and emissions, with a need for efficiency improvements.
Japan: Emphasises hydrogen and CCUS, with strong regional cooperation and policy support.

Conclusion

The report concludes that low emission coal technologies are not only viable but essential for Asia's transition to a net zero future. They offer a pathway to reduce emissions while maintaining energy security and affordability. The successful deployment of these technologies requires strong policy support, financial incentives, and technological innovation, particularly in CCUS and hydrogen production. Asia has the potential to become a global leader in the commercialisation of LECT, especially if it leverages its coal resources and develops the necessary infrastructure and regulatory frameworks.

Key Information

Asia's CO₂ emissions: Over half of global fossil fuel emissions.
Coal's role: Provides 57% of the region's electricity and is central to industrial processes.
CCUS capacity: 30 global CCUS facilities currently in operation, capturing 40 MtCO₂/year.
Projected efficiency improvements: From 47% to nearly 50% LHV, reducing emissions by ~10%.
NZE targets: China by 2060, India by 2070, covering 88% of global GHG emissions, 85% of population, and 90% of GDP (PPP).
Technological readiness: CCUS is ready for commercial deployment, with ongoing R&D to improve cost and performance.

References

The report includes a comprehensive list of figures and tables detailing the status of CCUS, hydrogen production, and emissions data across Asia.
It references the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and aligns with the Paris Agreement climate targets.
The International Centre for Sustainable Carbon (ICSC), supported by various countries and organisations, plays a central role in researching and promoting LECT.

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