2017年-世界发展银行全球_Use_of_Alternative_Fuels_in_the_Cement_Sector_in_Ethiopia___Opportunities_Challenges_and_Solutions_48页_21mb

报告摘要

Summary of Use of Alternative Fuels in the Cement Sector in Ethiopia: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions

Core Content

This report, prepared by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in collaboration with the Korea Green Growth Partnership, examines the potential for using alternative fuels (AF) in Ethiopia's cement sector. It evaluates the opportunities, challenges, and solutions for increasing the use of AF to reduce reliance on traditional fuels like coal and natural gas, which are costly and environmentally harmful. The study focuses on the Addis Ababa metropolitan area, where a significant portion of Ethiopia's cement production and waste generation occurs.

Main Viewpoints

Energy Intensity of Cement Production: Cement production is highly energy-intensive, with thermal energy costs accounting for about 40% of total production costs. In Ethiopia, coal is the primary fuel, but its cost is rising, making AF a viable alternative.
Alternative Fuel Streams: The report identifies several waste streams that can be used as AF, including municipal solid waste (MSW), wood biomass, agricultural residue, sewage sludge, waste tires, and used oils. These fuels are already being used by some Ethiopian cement producers, particularly agricultural residues like sesame husks.
Global Practices: Globally, cement producers have successfully substituted up to 30% of their fuel with AF, with some reaching 100%. In the European Union (EU), substitution rates average 18%, and some countries, like Poland, have achieved over 60% due to strong policy support, landfill taxes, and waste management systems.
Technical and Economic Potential: The report estimates that the technical potential for AF in Ethiopia is substantial, particularly for biomass, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and tire-derived fuel (TDF). It outlines that an investment of up to US$40 million is required to enable AF substitution, which could pay back in 3–4 years.
Challenges: Key challenges include the lack of an efficient waste management system, poor waste collection and transportation infrastructure, limited private sector participation, and insufficient incentives for waste diversion. In Ethiopia, private companies are not active in the waste management sector, and the government is still developing infrastructure for large-scale waste processing.
Solutions: The report proposes several measures to address these challenges, including the establishment of a waste measurement and metering system, the development of a Private-Public Partnership (PPP) framework with incentives for private sector involvement, and improving the technical capacity and awareness of municipal waste operators and government agencies.

Key Information

Fuel Substitution Rates: In Ethiopia, substitution rates are currently low, typically below 15–20%, compared to global best practices of up to 30% and 100% in some cases.
Waste Management in Ethiopia: The Addis Ababa area generates over a million metric tons of waste annually, but waste management services are primarily provided by municipal companies. Private sector involvement is limited, and there is no system of incentives for waste diversion.
Prosopis juliflora (PJ): PJ, an invasive species occupying over 1.2 million hectares in the Afar region, presents a significant fuel potential. However, there are risks associated with its sourcing, which calls for diversification of fuel supply.
Market Barriers: Barriers include high costs of traditional fuels, lack of reliable supply, and weak waste management infrastructure. Additionally, the absence of regulatory frameworks and financial incentives hampers private sector participation.
Investment and Payback: The total investment required for AF substitution is estimated at up to US$40 million, with a payback period of 3–4 years. This includes costs for kiln upgrades, MRF (Material Recovery Facility) establishment, and PJ processing facilities.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Projects: The report highlights the government's commitment to reducing landfill waste, as seen in the WTE project at the Repi disposal site.

Technical Potential

The report outlines the technical potential of various AF sources:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): MSW is a significant source of RDF, with potential for large-scale use. However, the current infrastructure for processing and transporting MSW is underdeveloped.
Wood Biomass and Agricultural Residue: These are already being used by some producers and have a high thermal energy potential. Agricultural residue, especially sesame husks, is a key resource.
Wastewater and Sewage Sludge: Sludge is not currently produced in sufficient volumes and infrastructure for its processing is only planned for the next 3–5 years.
Waste Tires: Tires are a promising source of TDF, but their collection and processing require investment and coordination.
Other Wastes: Used oils and other industrial and commercial waste also represent potential AF sources.

Economic Potential

The economic potential for AF substitution is considerable, with the ability to reduce costs for cement companies and contribute to environmental sustainability.
The report emphasizes the need for an integrated solid waste management (SWM) system that enables long-term supply of AF at predictable prices.
A PPP framework is suggested to encourage private sector participation and investment in waste management infrastructure.

Conclusion

The report concludes that with the right policies, infrastructure, and incentives, the use of alternative fuels in Ethiopia's cement sector can significantly reduce environmental impact and enhance economic efficiency. It recommends the development of a comprehensive SWM system, the establishment of a PPP framework, and the enhancement of technical and regulatory capacities to support the transition to AF.

Annexes

The annexes provide detailed data on waste composition, cost scenarios, and technical parameters for AF sourcing and processing. They also include case studies and data from other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to support the analysis.