2017年-世界发展银行全球_Use_of_Alternative_Fuels_in_the_Cement_Sector_in_Senegal___Opportunities_Challenges_and_Solutions_44页_22mb

Summary of the Use of Alternative Fuels in the Cement Sector in Senegal: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of the potential for using alternative fuels (AF) in the cement sector in Senegal, focusing on the economic and technical feasibility of substituting conventional fuels with waste-derived fuels. It outlines the opportunities, challenges and solutions for increasing the use of AF in the region, with a particular emphasis on the Dakar area, which is a key cement production cluster.

Main Viewpoints

• Energy Intensity of Cement Production: Cement production is highly energy-intensive, with thermal energy accounting for about 40% of production costs. In Senegal, the technical potential for AF is significant, amounting to approximately 7.9 million GJ/year, which is nearly 50% of the total energy demand.

• Alternative Fuel Sources: The report identifies several potential AF sources, including:

  • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
  • Agricultural Residue
  • Wastewater and Sewage Sludge
  • Waste Tires and Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF)
  • Used Oils

• Current Use: Some cement companies in Senegal are already using agricultural waste as fuel, but the overall substitution rate remains relatively low compared to global best practices.

• Global Practices: In many countries, especially in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), AF substitution rates range from 10–30%, with some reaching 100%. In Poland, substitution rates have grown rapidly, reaching over 60% in 2016 due to strong policy and economic drivers.

• Economic Potential: The use of AF can reduce total fuel costs by up to 10%, with RDF and TDF showing the greatest economic potential. The estimated total investment required for AF projects in Senegal is up to US$25 million, with a payback period of 3–4 years.

• Challenges: The main challenges include:

  • Poor waste collection and transportation infrastructure
  • Lack of incentives for private sector participation in waste management
  • Regulatory and administrative barriers
  • Limited availability of certain waste streams (e.g., sewage sludge)

• Solutions and Recommendations:

  • Clear definition of waste ownership and responsibilities
  • Establishment of a waste quantities measurement and metering system
  • Transparent long-term contracting approach
  • Implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
  • Investment in Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and waste-to-fuel infrastructure
  • Collaboration between cement producers and waste management sectors

Key Information

• Objective: To assess the technical and economic potential for AF use in the cement sector in Senegal and identify barriers to implementation.

• Scope: The assessment covers the Dakar area, where both cement production and AF sourcing potential are concentrated.

• Methodology: The study involved:

  • Evaluation of technical potential based on waste availability
  • Analysis of waste management practices and regulatory frameworks
  • Assessment of cost structures and scenarios
  • Interviews with 15 stakeholders, including cement producers, environmental authorities, and waste management operators

• Investment Requirements: The total investment required for AF projects is estimated at up to US$25 million, with:

  • US$15 million for kiln modifications
  • US$10 million for MRF establishment (with cement sector contributing up to 50% of the investment)

• Payback Period: The payback period for the investment is estimated to be 3–4 years, depending on the sourcing model and fuel mix.

• Market Barriers:

  • Inadequate waste collection and transportation infrastructure
  • Lack of policy incentives for private sector involvement
  • Limited enforcement of secondary regulations
  • Inconsistent waste management practices

• Global Examples:

  • Poland: Achieved over 60% AF substitution in 2016 due to landfill taxes, EPR, and collaboration between cement companies and waste management sectors.
  • Egypt: Italcementi's Katameya plant achieved 8.3% substitution using biomass and RDF.
  • Mexico: CEMEX's Tepeaca plant uses 800 t of commercial and industrial residues per day, with plans to increase capacity to 1,600 t per day.

Conclusion

The cement sector in Senegal has significant potential to reduce its reliance on conventional fuels by utilizing alternative fuels derived from waste streams. However, this potential can only be realized through the development of an efficient waste management system, supportive policies, and private sector engagement. IFC recommends the implementation of EPR, the establishment of MRFs, and the creation of a transparent and incentive-based framework for waste management to facilitate the adoption of AF in the cement sector.