2015年-世界发展银行全球_Water_and_Wastewater_Services_in_the_Danube_Region___Croatia_Country_Note_16页_2mb

Croatia Country Note: Water and Wastewater Services in the Danube Region

Core Content

This document provides an overview of the water and wastewater services sector in Croatia as part of the Danube Water Program, highlighting key challenges, reforms, and performance metrics.

Key Water and Sanitation Sector Challenges

• Financing Compliance with the European Environmental Acquis: Croatia has committed to meeting EU water directives by 2023, requiring an estimated investment of €3.75 billion.
• Affordability of Future Tariffs: The construction and operation of new infrastructure will necessitate significant tariff increases, potentially making services unaffordable for lower-income populations.
• Implementation of the Aggregation Reform: The government plans to merge over 150 local utility companies into 20 regional providers. Success depends on efficiency gains and improved service quality.
• Strengthening Regulation: The Water Services Council is the exclusive economic regulator for water and sanitation, but its regulatory reach is still being developed.

Key Sector Statistics

Access to Services

Service Performance

Sector Organization and Governance

• Service Providers: There are 140 formal water service providers, with Zagreb Waterworks being the largest, serving 17% of the population.
• Regulatory Bodies:
  • The Water Services Council is the exclusive economic regulator.
  • The National Water Council proposes water policies.
  • The Ministry of Agriculture oversees water policies.
• Ownership and Management: Most utilities are owned by local governments.
• Training and Capacity Building: Large utilities play a key role in staff training, but management staff turnover is high due to political cycles.

Water Resources and Infrastructure

• Water Supply Sources:
  • Groundwater accounts for 96% of drinking water supply.
  • Surface water contributes 4%.
• Water Infrastructure:
  • The water network is 4 times longer than the wastewater network.
  • 40% of the water network is leaking, and 44% of the water is nonrevenue.
  • 46% of wastewater treatment facilities have preliminary and primary treatment, 51% have secondary treatment, and only 3% have tertiary treatment.
• Water Quality:
  • 85% of water samples are in compliance with standards.
  • Drinking water quality is generally good, but wastewater treatment quality is not yet measured systematically.

Ongoing Reforms and Future Outlook

• The Aggregation Reform aims to merge 150 local utility companies into 20 regional providers, likely along county borders.
• The reform is expected to improve efficiency, service quality, and absorption of European Funds.
• However, the timeline for implementation is uncertain due to national elections and government changes by the end of 2015.

Equity and Vulnerable Groups

• Access to Services:
  • 98% of the bottom 40% population has access to piped water.
  • 93% of the bottom 40% has access to flush toilets.
  • 95% of the poorest population (living on less than $2.50/day) has access to piped water.
  • 90% of the poorest population has access to flush toilets.
• Roma Population:
  • 35% lack access to improved water sources.
  • 45% lack access to improved sanitation.

Financing and Investment

• Operating Cost Coverage: 97% in 2009.
• Residential Tariff: €1.80/m³ in 2012.
• Tariff Affordability: 2.3% of average income is spent on water and sanitation.
• Estimated Investment Needed: €93/capita/year from 2014 to 2023.
• Wastewater Management Share: 73% of the investment is allocated to wastewater management.

Further Resources

• Regional Report: Available at SoS.danubis.org
• Utility Performance Data: Accessible at www.danubis.org/eng/utility-database
• Croatia Country Resources: www.danubis.org/eng/country-resources/croatia

Acknowledgments

• The report is prepared by David Michaud, World Bank, with support from Maria Salvetti and data collection by Miroslav Steinbauer.
• The Danube Water Program is funded by the Austrian Ministry of Finance.
• The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of data or endorse any territorial boundaries.

Rights and Permissions

• The material is subject to copyright.
• Reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed with full attribution.
• For rights and licenses, contact the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.