2025-03-09-世界银行-了解欧盟27国私营企业中女性作为工人_高层管理人员和所有者的参与率低于男性（英）_11页_497kb
报告摘要
- Lower Participation: Women's participation as workers, top managers, and firm owners in the EU-27 is statistically significantly lower than men's, observed across all regions and sectors.
- Regional Disparities: The gender gap is wider in wealthier NUTS2 regions compared to the least developed ones.
- Sectoral Differences: Women's employment is higher in retail, but participation gaps are larger elsewhere. Women-run firms have lower productivity, particularly at lower productivity levels ('sticky floors').
- Concentration: Women tend to be employed in lower-productivity, low-wage firms.
- Decomposition: Factors widening the gap include: higher retail presence, age, size, and foreign ownership in poorer regions; more prevalent women top managers in richer regions; higher women ownership and greater R&D activity in transition/developed regions. Factors narrowing the gap include: country-specific factors, sector effects, export status, and presumably handling regulations.
- Financial Constraints & Ownership: Higher women ownership is associated with lower productivity and appears to negatively impact access to finance (financing investment, working capital, overdraft facilities) compared to men's ownership.
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