2017年-世界发展银行全球_Eliminating_Deforestation_from_the_Cocoa_Supply_Chain_61页_1mb

Summary of "Eliminating Deforestation from the Cocoa Supply Chain"

Core Content

This report analyzes the role of cocoa production in deforestation, the effectiveness of certification schemes in reducing it, and outlines a vision for achieving zero-deforestation cocoa. It is intended to guide industry, governments, and development partners in creating sustainable and deforestation-free practices within the cocoa supply chain.

Main Points

1. Cocoa and Deforestation

• Cocoa production is a growing driver of deforestation, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
• While cocoa's global deforestation footprint is smaller than that of palm oil, soy, cattle, and wood products, it has significant local impacts, especially in biodiversity hotspots like the Upper Guinea Tropical Rainforest, Southeast Asian rainforests, and the Amazon.
• Deforestation is driven by a combination of factors including low productivity, smallholder farming limitations, weak legal systems, and the economic incentive to clear forests for new plantations.

2. Cocoa Supply Chain Overview

• The cocoa supply chain involves multiple actors, from smallholder farmers to traders, grinders, chocolate producers, and retailers.
• Trader/grinders process raw beans and account for 89% of global cocoa trade.
• Chocolate producers source 39% of global production.
• Bean-to-bar companies operate across the entire supply chain.
• Europe and North America dominate cocoa consumption, while Asia and emerging economies show increasing demand.

3. Certification Schemes

• Three major certification schemes are examined: UTZ, Rainforest Alliance/Sustainable Agriculture Network (RA/SAN), and Fairtrade International.
• RA/SAN has the strongest deforestation-related requirements, as it includes a broader definition of forests (primary and secondary).
• Certification schemes have limitations, including low farmer premiums, lack of equivalent forest protection criteria, and limited impact on addressing livelihood issues.

4. Company Commitments

• 19 companies were assessed for their deforestation-related commitments.
• 60–80% of the global cocoa market is controlled by a small number of companies.
• Four out of six trader/grinder companies have made deforestation-related commitments, with one sourcing 24% of global production and aiming for 100% sustainable sourcing by 2020.
• All five chocolate producers evaluated have made deforestation-related commitments, with a focus on sustainable sourcing by 2020.

5. Key Challenges

• Smallholder farmers face challenges such as low productivity, limited access to inputs, tenure insecurity, and economic instability.
• Deforestation is often a result of the low profitability of cocoa farming, which leads farmers to expand into new forested areas.
• Climate change is reducing suitable land for cocoa production, increasing pressure on remaining forests.

6. Lessons from Other Commodities

• The report draws lessons from the palm oil supply chain, which shares similar challenges with cocoa.
• Key issues include the need for legal frameworks, multi-stakeholder cooperation, and landscape approaches.
• Traceability and community engagement are essential for sustainable practices.

Key Principles and Strategies

1. Principles

• Protect all remaining natural primary and secondary forests.
• Ensure legality and transparency in sustainability initiatives.
• Integrate zero-deforestation goals into long-term public and private strategies.
• Support sustainable intensification backed by strong safeguards.

2. Strategies

• Public-private cooperation to align efforts and achieve transformational change.
• Sustainable finance to support local producers in restoring or replanting farms.
• Cocoa farm restoration and regeneration to improve productivity without clearing forests.
• Research and data collection aligned with zero-deforestation goals.
• CocoaAction initiative by the World Cocoa Foundation could help align certification and company programs toward deforestation-free practices.

Recommendations

• Develop a global action agenda to end deforestation in cocoa.
• Prioritize action in West Africa, where deforestation is most pronounced.
• Specify region-appropriate preventative and mitigation activities to ensure long-term sustainability.
• Strengthen legal and tenure systems to reduce forest encroachment.
• Improve support for smallholders, including better access to inputs, training, and fair pricing.

Conclusion

The report highlights the urgent need for a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach to eliminate deforestation from the cocoa supply chain. It emphasizes that while certification schemes have made progress, they are not sufficient on their own. A combination of policy reform, financial support, community engagement, and landscape-level strategies is essential to achieve a sustainable and deforestation-free future for the cocoa industry.