2023-06-26-联合国贸易发展委员会-_非洲增长与机会法_对其好处_局限性_利用和成果的审查_49页_1mb

报告摘要

AGOA Program Analysis Summary

The African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) aims to promote African economic development through preferential trade terms, but its impact has been limited and uneven across countries and sectors. Key findings include:

Limited Impact: AGOA's tariff reductions save less than US$300 million annually but have not significantly increased exports or investment, as Africa's reliance on raw materials and structural disadvantages (such as unreliable infrastructure and high compliance costs) constrain potential gains.
Inconsistent Utilization: AGOA preferences underutilized in later years due to factors including low covering margin (average MFN tariffs were already low), high compliance costs, and poor regional concentration (around 68% of imports previously eligible, dropping to 24% in 2021).
Sectoral Disparities:
- Petroleum/Minerals: Account for a large share of imports but face supply-demand shifts rather than tariff-driven constraints.
- Textiles/Apparel: Benefited initially from MFA phase-out but now struggle due to stricter rules, minimal market growth, and shifts away from quotas.
- Cocoa: Shows some upgrading (e.g., Ghana exporting chocolate), but high tariffs on advanced products remain a barrier.
Constraints: AGOA's rules of origin (current 35% local value-added) are outdated and insufficient for modern supply chains, further limiting value creation.
Recommendations include reauthorizing AGOA for at least a decade, reformed rules of origin (e.g. 25% value-added), expanding covered products, opening to all AfCFTA, and exempting African goods from Section 232 tariffs, along with complementary foreign aid and investment initiatives.